DISCLAIMER The views expressed in this European Radio Navigation Plan are the preliminary views of the Commission services and may not, in any circumstances, be regarded as representing an official position of the European Commission. The information transmitted in this staff working document is intended for the consideration of Member States and / or designated entities, to which it is intentionally addressed to, for discussion and potential future collaboration. Table of Contents Errata Sheet ............................................................................................................................................ 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ 9 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 13 2. PURPOSE OF THE ERNP ..................................................................................................................... 15 3. THE RADIO NAVIGATION LANDSCAPE IN EUROPE ............................................................................ 18 4. GUIDING PRINCIPLES ......................................................................................................................... 24 4.1 General guiding principles across all sectors .............................................................................. 24 4.2 Guiding principles for the civil aviation sector ............................................................................ 25 4.3 Guiding principles for the maritime and inland waterways navigation sector ........................... 25 4.4 Guiding principles for the road transport sector ........................................................................ 27 4.5 Guiding principles for the agricultural sector ............................................................................. 28 4.6 Guiding principles for the mapping and surveying sector .......................................................... 29 4.7 Guiding principles for Location Based Services .......................................................................... 29 4.8 Guiding principles for the rail transport sector .......................................................................... 30 4.9 Guiding principles for space users .............................................................................................. 31 4.10 Guiding principles for precise timing and synchronisation services ......................................... 31 4.11 Guiding principles for the emerging applications sector .......................................................... 32 4.12 Guiding principles for the Security and Defence sector ........................................................... 33 5. BENEFITS AND OPPORTUNITIES OF USING EGNSS SECTOR BY SECTOR ........................................... 35 5.1 General benefits and opportunities across sectors. ................................................................... 35 5.2 Benefits and opportunities of using EGNSS in civil aviation ....................................................... 36 5.3 Benefits and opportunities of using EGNSS in maritime and inland waterways navigation ...... 37 5.4 Benefits and opportunities of using EGNSS in road transport .................................................... 39 5.5 Benefits and opportunities of using EGNSS in agriculture .......................................................... 40 5.6 Benefits and opportunities of using EGNSS in Mapping and Surveying ..................................... 41 5.7 Benefits and opportunities of using EGNSS in Location Based Services ..................................... 42 5.8 Benefits and opportunities of using EGNSS in rail transport ...................................................... 43 5.9 Benefits and opportunities of using EGNSS for space users ....................................................... 44 5.10 Benefits and opportunities of using EGNSS in precise timing and synchronisation services ... 45 5.11 Benefits and opportunities of using EGNSS in emerging applications...................................... 45 5.12 Benefits and opportunities of using EGNSS in Security and Defence ....................................... 46 2 6. CHALLENGES FOR AN OPTIMISED EU RADIO NAVIGATION LANDSCAPE .......................................... 47 6.1 General challenges across sectors. ............................................................................................. 47 6.2 Challenges of using EGNSS in Civil aviation ................................................................................ 49 6.3 Challenges of using EGNSS in Maritime and inland waterways navigation ................................ 49 6.4 Challenges of using EGNSS in road transport ............................................................................. 51 6.5 Challenges of using EGNSS in Agriculture ................................................................................... 51 6.6 Challenges of using EGNSS in Mapping and Surveying ............................................................... 51 6.7 Challenges of using EGNSS in Location Based Services .............................................................. 52 6.8 Challenges of using EGNSS in Rail transport ............................................................................... 52 6.9 Challenges of using EGNSS for Space Users ................................................................................ 53 6.10 Challenges of using EGNSS in Precise Timing and Synchronisation services ............................ 53 6.11 Challenges of using EGNSS in Emerging Applications ............................................................... 54 6.12 Challenges of using EGNSS in Security and Defence ................................................................. 55 7. CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................... 55 ANNEX 1. Description of Radio Navigation and Timing Systems .......................................................... 57 1. Satellite-based Systems .................................................................................................................... 58 1.1 Global Navigation Satellite Systems............................................................................................ 58 1.1.1 GPS ................................................................................................... 58 1.1.2 GLONASS ........................................................................................... 65 1.1.3 Galileo ............................................................................................... 70 1.1.4 BeiDou .............................................................................................. 75 1.2 Augmentations to Global Navigation Satellite Systems ............................................................. 79 1.2.1 EGNOS .............................................................................................. 79 1.2.2 GBAS................................................................................................. 82 1.2.3 DGNSS .............................................................................................. 85 2. Ground-based Systems ..................................................................................................................... 87 2.1 NDB ............................................................................................................................................. 87 2.2 VOR ............................................................................................................................................. 88 2.3 DME ............................................................................................................................................. 89 2.4 ILS ................................................................................................................................................ 90 2.5 MLS .............................................................................................................................................. 92 2.6 Loran-C / Chayka ......................................................................................................................... 95 2.7 eLoran ......................................................................................................................................... 97 2.8 Differential eLoran ...................................................................................................................... 99 3 2.9 Longwave time and frequency distribution systems ................................................................ 100 2.10 Emerging positioning and timing services. ............................................................................. 103 2.10.1 Cellular networks based positioning ................................................... 103 2.10.2 Iridium Satelles Time and Location .................................................... 105 ANNEX 2. End-User Requirements ...................................................................................................... 107 1. Civil Aviation .................................................................................................................................... 108 2. Maritime and Inland Waterways Navigation .................................................................................