Editor Dan Wargclou Extrication from Cars during Road Traffic Accidents Editor Dan Wargclou Extrication from Cars during Road Traffic Accidents Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB) Extrication from Cars during Road Traffic Accidents Editor: Dan Wargclou Project manager: Ingvar Hansson English version: James Butler Layout: Advant Produktionsbyrå AB Published: 2011 Publication number MSB317 - October 2011 ISBN: 978-91-7383-165-9 2 Content Introduction....................................................................... 9 Time is precious! ...................................................................... 9 Book layout............................................................................. 11 1. Safety systems..............................................................13 Euro NCAP............................................................................. 16 Frontal impact ........................................................................ 17 Side impact........................................................................... 17 Pole test.............................................................................. 18 Colliding with a pedestrian............................................................ 18 Child safety........................................................................... 19 Whiplash............................................................................. 19 Batteries............................................................................... 20 Cutting power........................................................................ 21 Automatic battery disconnection...................................................... 21 Belt pretensioners.................................................................... 22 Airbags................................................................................. 22 How an airbag works................................................................ 23 Fire. ..................................................................................... 24 Volvo S80 airbag system............................................................ 24 Identifying a vehicle with an airbag.............................................. 25 Medical effects of airbags.......................................................... 27 Airbags and the fire brigade....................................................... 28 Frequently asked questions and answers about airbags .........................30 Other safety systems................................................................. 32 Whiplash protection..................................................................32 Roll-over protection systems...........................................................33 Safety glass...........................................................................33 Protective systems ................................................................... 33 WHIPS (Whiplash Protection System).................................................33 Seatbelts with pre-tensioners and load limiters....................................... 34 Side body-airbags.................................................................... 34 IC (Inflatable Curtain)................................................................ 34 Low front cross-member............................................................. 34 Pedestrian protection ................................................................ 34 Two stage airbags.....................................................................35 Pre-prepared restraints................................................................35 Preventive systems................................................................... 35 DAC (Driver Alert Control).............................................................35 3 LDW (Lane Departure Warning).......................................................35 ACC (Adaptive Cruise Control)........................................................ 36 Collision warning with autobraking................................................... 36 RSC (Roll Stability Control)........................................................... 36 Volvo On Call......................................................................... 37 DSTC (Dynamic Stability and Traction Control)......................................... 37 BLIS (Blind Spot Information System)................................................. 37 Rear view camera..................................................................... 37 2. Different fuels.............................................................. 39 Electric and hybrid cars ............................................................. 39 Voltage and high energy content..................................................... 40 Battery technologies................................................................. 43 Chemical risks in connection with the handling of batteries in electric and hybrid vehicles ..................................................................... 45 Identification........................................................................ 46 Fire in a battery pack.................................................................. 47 Recommendations during an emergency response........................... 48 Collisions............................................................................ 48 Fire extinguishing ................................................................... 48 Gas vehicles........................................................................... 49 Vehicle gas (methane)............................................................... 49 Engine gas (LPG)..................................................................... 50 DME................................................................................. 50 Hydrogen............................................................................ 50 Gas systems in methane-powered vehicles............................................ 51 Safety equipment..................................................................... 51 Gas systems in LPG-powered vehicles..................................................53 Is the vehicle gas-powered?...........................................................53 Recommendations during an emergency response........................... 54 Collisions............................................................................ 54 Fire.................................................................................. 55 E85...................................................................................... 56 Risks during fire-extinguishing....................................................... 56 How much more akward is it to extinguish fires involving E85?........................ 57 3. Road environment...................................................... 61 2+1 roads.............................................................................. 61 Dividing the carriageway with a wire-rope barrier............................. 61 Dismantling wire-rope barriers.................................................... 63 Accident on 2+1 road ............................................................... 64 Cutting of wire-rope................................................................. 65 Barriers................................................................................. 65 4 4. Equipment...................................................................69 Portable hydraulic pumps.......................................................... 72 Hydraulic hoses and hydraulic couplings........................................ 73 Design of cutters..................................................................... 75 Personal protective equipment (PPE)............................................ 76 Crash Recovery System.............................................................. 78 5. Organisation on scene................................................ 81 Making the accident site safe...................................................... 81 Cordoning off a road................................................................. 82 Some simple advice that should be taken into account follows, however:82. The Falköping model................................................................ 83 The most important features of the method are presented below, with brief suggestions:............................................................... 83 Equipment in position:............................................................... 86 Examples from the handbook of cordoning off roads using the Falköping model.......87 Accident site...........................................................................90 Positioning of vehicles................................................................ 91 Standard routines.................................................................... 92 The incident commander’s tasks..................................................... 92 Traffic control officer/medic/extricator............................................... 92 The safety officer..................................................................... 93 Medic/extricator..................................................................... 93 Driver/tool officer.................................................................... 94 Medical services organisation..................................................... 96 The police..............................................................................98 Traffic information, traffic