Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESILIENCE FRAMEWORK A Report by the Advisory Committee on G H R T O L W A Agricultural Resilience in Nigeria E I N W G G A G IN R AT IC RE EDITED BY JIMMY ADEGOKE, CHIDI IBE AND ADEBISI ARABA ULTURE, C Copyright © 2015 Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Nigeria No part of this book may be reproduced in any written, electronic, recording or photocopied form without written permission of the publisher or author. The exception would be in the case of brief quotations embodied in the critical articles or reviews and pages where permission is specifically granted by the publisher or author. Although every precaution has been taken to verify the accuracy of the information contained herein, the author and publisher assume no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for damages that may result from the use of information contained within. Cover Picture: Norman Borlaug heat- and drought-tolerant tropical wheat variety, developed by the Lake Chad Research Institute, Maiduguri. Photo by Adebisi Araba Editors: Jimmy Adegoke, Chidi Ibe and Adebisi Araba. Editing, design and layout by Green Ink (www.greenink.co.uk) Printed in the Federal Republic of Nigeria i Ministerial Foreword I am pleased to write the are aggressively deploying innovative financing foreword to this report by mechanisms, such as the Nigeria Incentive-based Risk the Advisory Committee on Sharing for Agricultural Lending, which is providing Agricultural Resilience in credit guarantees to commercial banks for increased Nigeria (ACARN), which I had lending as well as the Fund for Agricultural Financing the honour of inaugurating in Nigeria, a private fund, jointly set up by the in September 2013. It is a Governments of Nigeria and Germany to raise private fulfilment of a long held capital for funding in agriculture. These mechanisms idea that could not wait any will scale up the needed financing for the sector. longer! Third, to reduce some of the risks borne by farmers, To assure food and nutritional security, eradicate the focus is currently on developing the mechanisms rural poverty and create social stability, policies and for establishing weather index insurance schemes institutions are needed to enhance the ability of for farmers. Current programmes to improve the individuals, households and production systems to density of operational weather stations in the country, recover from the impact of shocks and stresses on the thereby, improving weather forecasting models, are agriculture sector induced by the changing climate. complementing this effort. This National Agricultural Resilience Framework is written in response to that need. It offers a well- Fourth, social safety net policies are being used articulated national policy on short and long-term to reduce vulnerability, especially for women and strategies to reduce food and nutrition vulnerability, children. These include conditional cash transfers, while enhancing environmental resilience. school feeding programmes and nutritional interventions. The ‘Saving one million lives’ initiative The long-term solution to food insecurity is to raise targets the use of community management of acute agricultural productivity and boost food production. malnutrition and integrated child feeding to reduce Nigeria embarked on a major transformation of its under-nutrition. Regional food reserves are also being agriculture sector with the launch of the Agricultural supported. In 2012, for example, Nigeria contributed Transformation Agenda in 2011 that is anchored 32,000 metric tonnes of grains to support Niger in the philosophy of treating agriculture business Republic to address food shortages. rather than a development programme. Our goal is to add 20 million metric tonnes of food to the Other policies in furtherance of agricultural resilience domestic food supply by 2015 and to create 3.5 in Nigeria are contained in this report and will be million jobs. We are driving import substitution by progressively implemented. I salute the distinguished accelerating the production of local food staples, to members of the ACARN who produced this reduce dependence on food imports and turn Nigeria outstanding report. I am also pleased to acknowledge into a net exporter of food. To this end, we have many other contributors within and outside Nigeria, introduced several major innovations as part of the including senior officials and advisors within my ongoing fundamental restructuring of the agricultural ministry and other government agencies. I wish to landscape in Nigeria. especially thank Professors Jimmy Adegoke and Chidi Ibe for their patriotism, selfless service and outstanding First, to assure increased agricultural productivity, leadership as ACARN Chair and Co-Chair, respectively. it is critical that farmers get access to affordable agricultural inputs. In Nigeria, the first ever database of I have no doubt that this report will have an enduring farmers in the country was launched as a basis for the impact on agricultural production in Nigeria because efficient and effective distribution of subsidized seeds it provides a clear road map for achieving resilience and fertilizers through mobile phones in 2012 as part in the agriculture sector and offers pertinent policy of the Growth Enhancement Scheme. This stimulated recommendations that will strengthen the capacity wider markets for agricultural inputs, agricultural of small- and large-scale agricultural producers productivity and food production rose by 21 million to increase productivity, grow wealth and thrive metric tonnes in 2014. in the face of growing challenges from multiple environmental stressors and changing climate. Second, the agricultural revolution is being complemented with a financial revolution. We Akinwumi Ayodeji Adesina (PhD.) CON Contents Foreword . i Acknowledgements . iv Executive Summary . v 1 .Introduction . 1 . 2 . Nigeria’s Changing Climate: Risks, Impacts and Adaptation . .7 . 3 . Enhancing the Natural Resource Base . .19 . 4 . Climate Change Adaptation in Agricultural Planning . 31 . 5 . Research and Development for Climate- Resilient Agriculture . 41 6 . Improving Agricultural Extension Services . 55 7 . Policy Support for Agricultural Resilience . 65. 8 . Financing for Climate-Resilient Agriculture . 85 9 . Monitoring and Evaluation . 99 . 10 .Conclusions and Recommendations . .111 . Annexes 1 . Acronyms and Abbreviations . 117 2 . Definition of Key Terms and Concepts . 119 . 3 . Chapter Author Attributions . .122 . 4 . ACARN Membership . .123 . iii Boxes, Figures and Tables Box 1.1 Recommendations in the NASPA-CCN for Box 7.2 Micro check dams for water harvesting on Building National Adaptive Capacity and seasonal streams Resilience in the Agriculture Sector Box 7.3 Agricultural diversification through Box 1.2 The NARF’s strategic objectives innovative strategies in aquaculture Box 2.1 Climate projections for Nigeria Box 7.4 Run-off water harvesting and soil moisture retention technology Box 2.2 Effective adaptation strategies Box 7.5 A pilot strategic investment framework for Box 4.1 The role of government institutions in sustainable land managementin Cross River climate change adaptation State Box 4.2 The role of the private sector in climate Box 7.6 Linking farmers to markets: key lessons change adaptation Box 7.7 Social protection measures Box 4.3 The role of CSOs in climate change adaptation Box 9.1 Building Nigeria’s Response to Climate Change (BRNCC) Box 4.4 Framework for the adaptation of West African agriculture to climate change Box 9.2 Climate change, agriculture and food security Box 4.5 The role of development partners in climate change adaptation Box 9.3 IFAD’s Adaptation for Smallholder Agriculture Programme Box 5.1 Research priorities for vulnerability, targeting and institutions Figure 2.1 Rainfall variability in Nigeria (1952–2012 national average) Box 5.2 Research priorities for agriculture management systems Figure 2.2 Temperature variability in Nigeria (1952–2012 national average) Box 5.3 Examples of crop breeding for resilience in Nigeria Figure 2.3 Rainfall distribution across major agro-ecological zones of Nigeria Box 5.4 Research priorities for crop, livestock and fisheries breeding Figure 2.4 Projected changes in crop yields in Nigeria by 2050 Box 5.5 Technologies for improved post-harvest management Figure 3.1 Watersheds in Nigeria Box 5.6 Research priorities for post-harvest Figure 3.2 Location of Nigeria’s existing meteorological management observing stations Box 5.7 Research priorities for landscapes and Figure 8.1 Top 10 recipients of climate finance ecosystems Table 6.1 Extension staffing in Nigeria Box 5.8 Research priorities for climate data and Table 6.2 Priority recommendations knowledge systems Table 8.1 Existing international financing mechanisms Box 5.9 Research priorities for institutions and to in support of climate-resilient agriculture in build capacity Nigeria Box 6.1 Actions for capacity building Table 9.1 Biophysical parameters prioritized for the Box 6.2 Planting date and maize-management ACARN M&E forecasting Table 9.2 Framework for baseline assessments for M&E Box 6.3 Participatory weather forecasting: Lessons Table 9.3 Recommended milestones and indicators from Ghana for climate-resilient agriculture in Nigeria Box 7.1 Policy areas for improving resilience Table 9.4 NASRDA projects iv NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESILIENCE FRAMEWORK Acknowledgements This report was prepared by the