Historic Wales and United Kingdom Sites for BYU Wales Study Abroad Volume 2 H–R Compiled by Ronald Schoedel Contents Articles Hadrian's Wall 1 Hampton Court Palace 10 Harlech Castle 20 Hay-on-Wye 27 Hill fort 31 Isca Augusta 39 Kenilworth Castle 43 Kidwelly Castle 61 King Doniert's Stone 62 King's College Chapel, Cambridge 63 Lacock 66 Lacock Abbey 68 Lanhydrock 71 Lanyon Quoit 74 Llandaff Cathedral 75 Malvern Hills 80 Margam Stones Museum 98 Monmouth 110 Monmouth Castle 126 Museum of London 130 Mên-an-Tol 135 National Assembly for Wales 137 National Eisteddfod of Wales 146 National Gallery 151 National Museum Cardiff 168 National Museum of Scotland 171 National Portrait Gallery, London 176 National Railway Museum 181 National Roman Legion Museum 194 National Slate Museum 195 Newcastle Castle, Bridgend 196 North Hill, Malvern 197 Offa's Dyke 199 Ogmore Castle 203 Old Beaupre Castle 205 Old Sarum 207 Oxford University Museum of Natural History 211 Oxfordshire 217 Palace of Whitehall 224 Pierhead Building 228 Plas Mawr 231 Preston England Temple 232 Raglan Castle 235 Roman Baths (Bath) 247 Roman Baths Museum 253 Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers 254 Royal Shakespeare Company 256 References Article Sources and Contributors 264 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 268 Article Licenses License 278 Hadrian's Wall 1 Hadrian's Wall Hadrian's Wall (Latin: Vallum Aelium, "Aelian Wall" – the Latin name is inferred from text on the Staffordshire Moorlands Patera) was a defensive fortification in Roman Britain. Begun in 122 AD, during the rule of emperor Hadrian, it was the first of two fortifications built across Great Britain, the second being the Antonine Wall, lesser known of the two because its physical remains are less evident today. The wall was the most heavily fortified border in the Empire. In addition to its role as a military fortification, it is thought that many of the gates through the wall would have served as customs posts to allow trade and levy taxation.[1] A significant portion of the wall still exists, having been rescued in the 19th century by John Clayton, who, alarmed at the destruction by quarrying, bought a number of sections.[2] For much of its length, the wall can be followed on foot by Hadrian's Wall Path or by cycle on Location of Hadrian's Wall National Cycle Route 72. It is the most popular tourist attraction in Northern England. It was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987. English Heritage, a government organisation in charge of managing the historic environment of England, describes it as "the most important monument built by the Romans in Britain".[3] Dimensions Hadrian's Wall was 80 Roman miles (73 statute miles or 120 km) Route of Hadrian's Wall long,[4] its width and height were dependent on the construction materials which were available nearby. East of River Irthing the wall was made from squared stone and measured 3 metres (9.7 ft) wide and five to six metres (16–20 ft) high, while west of the river the wall was made from turf and measured 6 metres (20 ft) wide and 3.5 metres (11.5 ft) high. This does not include the wall's ditches, berms and forts. The central section measured eight Roman feet wide (7.8 ft or 2.4 m) on a 10-foot (3 m) base. Some parts of this section of the wall survive to a height of 10 feet (3 m). Route Sections of Hadrian's Wall remain along the route, though much has been dismantled over the Hadrian's Wall extended west from Segedunum at Wallsend on the years to use the stones for various nearby River Tyne, via Carlisle and Kirkandrews-on-Eden, to the shore of the construction projects. Solway Firth, ending a short but unknown distance west of the village of Bowness-on-Solway.[5] Although the curtain wall ends near Bowness-on-Solway, this does not mark the end of the line of defensive structures. The system of Milecastles and Turrets is known to have continued along the Cumbria Hadrian's Wall 2 coast as far as Maryport. For classification purposes, the Milecastles west of Bowness-on-Solway are referred to as Milefortlets. The A69 and B6318 roads follow the course of the wall as it starts in Newcastle upon Tyne to Carlisle, then along the northern coast of Cumbria (south shore of the Solway Firth). It is a common misconception that Hadrian's wall marks the boundary between England and Scotland. This is not the case; Hadrian's wall lies entirely within England, and south of the border with Scotland by less than one kilometre in the west at Bowness-on-Solway, and 110 kilometres Hadrian's Wall facing East towards Crag Lough (68 mi) in the east.[6] Purpose of construction Hadrian's Wall was likely planned before Roman Emperor Hadrian's visit to Britain in 122. According to restored sandstone fragments found in Jarrow that date from 118 or 119, it was Hadrian's wish to keep "intact the empire," which had been imposed upon him by "divine instruction."[7] The fragments then announce the building of the wall. It is entirely possible that, on his arrival in Britain in 122, one of the stops on his itinerary was the northern frontier and an inspection of the progress of the wall as it was being built. Although Hadrian's biographer wrote "(Hadrian) was the first to build a wall 80 miles long to separate the Romans from the barbarians",[8] reasons for the construction of the wall vary, and no recording of any exact explanation survives. However, a number of theories have been presented by historians, primarily centring around an expression of Roman power and Hadrian's policy of defence before expansion. For example, on his accession to the throne in 117, Hadrian had been experiencing rebellion in Roman Britain and from the peoples of various conquered lands across the Empire, including Egypt, Israel, Libya and Mauretania.[7] These troubles may have had a hand in Hadrian's plan to construct the wall, and his construction of limes in other areas of the Empire, but to what extent is unknown. Scholars also disagree over how much of a threat the inhabitants of northern Britain actually presented, and whether there was any more economic advantage in defending and garrisoning a fixed line of defences like the Wall over simply conquering and annexing what has become the Scottish Lowlands and manning the territory with a loose arrangement of forts.[7] The limes of Rome were never expected to stop whole tribes from migrating or entire armies from invading, and while a frontier protected by a palisade or stone wall would surely help curb cattle-raiders and the incursions of other small groups,[9] the economic viability of constructing and constantly manning a 72-mile (116 km) long boundary along a sparsely populated border to stop small-scale raiding is dubious.[7] Another possible explanation for the erection of the great wall is the degree of control it would have provided over immigration, smuggling, and customs.[7] Limes did not strictly mark the boundaries of Rome, with Roman power and influence often extending beyond its walls.[7] People inside and beyond the limes travelled through it each day when conducting business, and organized check-points like those offered by Hadrian's Wall provided good opportunities for taxation. With watch towers only a short distance from gateways in the limes, patrolling legionaries would have been able to keep track of entering and exiting natives and Roman citizens alike, charging customs dues, and checking for smuggling activity. Another theory is of the simpler variety—Hadrian's Wall was, if not wholly, at least partially, constructed to reflect the power of Rome, and was used as a political point by Hadrian. Once its construction was finished, it is thought to have been covered in plaster and then white-washed, its shining surface able to reflect the sunlight and be visible for miles around.[7] Hadrian's Wall 3 Construction Construction probably started sometime in 122[10] and was largely completed within six years.[11] Construction started in the east, between milecastles four and seven, and proceeded westwards, with soldiers from all three of the occupying Roman legions participating in the work. The route chosen largely paralleled the nearby Stanegate road from Luguvalium (Carlisle) to Coria (Corbridge), upon which were situated a series of forts, including Vindolanda. The wall in the east follows a hard, resistant igneous diabase rock escarpment, known as the Whin Sill. The initial plan called for a ditch and wall with 80 small gated milecastle fortlets, one placed every Roman mile [12], holding a few dozen troops each, and pairs of evenly spaced intermediate turrets used for observation and signalling. However, very few milecastles are actually situated at exact Roman mile divisions; they can be up to 200 yards east or west because of landscape features or to improve signalling to the Stanegate forts to the south.[13] Local limestone was used in the construction, except for the section to the west of Irthing where turf was used instead, since there were no useful outcrops Roman fort and town at Corstopitum viewed nearby. Milecastles in this area were also built from timber and earth along the Stanegate rather than stone, but turrets were always made from stone. The Broad Wall was initially built with a clay-bonded rubble core and mortared dressed rubble facing stones, but this seems to have made it vulnerable to collapse, and repair with a mortared core was sometimes necessary.