Issue 97, 2nd Quarter 2020 JOINT FORCE QUARTERLY Broadening Traditional Domains Commercial Satellites and National Security Ulysses S. Grant and the U.S. Navy ISSUE NINETY-SEVEN, 2 ISSUE NINETY-SEVEN, ND QUARTER 2020 Joint Force Quarterly Founded in 1993 • Vol. 97, 2nd Quarter 2020 https://ndupress.ndu.edu GEN Mark A. Milley, USA, Publisher VADM Frederick J. Roegge, USN, President, NDU Editor in Chief Col William T. Eliason, USAF (Ret.), Ph.D. Executive Editor Jeffrey D. Smotherman, Ph.D. Production Editor John J. Church, D.M.A. Internet Publications Editor Joanna E. Seich Copyeditor Andrea L. Connell Associate Editor Jack Godwin, Ph.D. Book Review Editor Brett Swaney Art Director Marco Marchegiani, U.S. Government Publishing Office Advisory Committee Ambassador Erica Barks-Ruggles/College of International Security Affairs; RDML Shoshana S. Chatfield, USN/U.S. Naval War College; Col Thomas J. Gordon, USMC/Marine Corps Command and Staff College; MG Lewis G. Irwin, USAR/Joint Forces Staff College; MG John S. Kem, USA/U.S. Army War College; Cassandra C. Lewis, Ph.D./College of Information and Cyberspace; LTG Michael D. Lundy, USA/U.S. Army Command and General Staff College; LtGen Daniel J. O’Donohue, USMC/The Joint Staff; Brig Gen Evan L. Pettus, USAF/Air Command and Staff College; RDML Cedric E. Pringle, USN/National War College; Brig Gen Kyle W. Robinson, USAF/Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy; Brig Gen Jeremy T. Sloane, USAF/Air War College; Col Blair J. Sokol, USMC/Marine Corps War College; Lt Gen Glen D. VanHerck, USAF/The Joint Staff Editorial Board Richard K. Betts/Columbia University; Eliot A. Cohen/The Johns Hopkins University; Richard L. DiNardo/Marine Corps Command and Staff College; Aaron L. Friedberg/Princeton University; Bryon Greenwald/Joint Forces Staff College; COL James E. Hayes, USA/National War College; Douglas N. Hime/Naval War College; Col Jerome M. Lynes, USMC (Ret.)/The Joint Staff; Kathleen Mahoney-Norris/Air Command and Staff College; Bert B. Tussing/U.S. Army War College Cover 2 images (top to bottom): Marines conduct demolition breaching tactics during exercise Bougainville II on Range 9, Pohakuloa Training Area, Hawaii, May 12, 2019 (U.S. Marine Corps/ Jacob Wilson); Paratrooper assigned to 4th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Airborne), 25th Infantry Division, participates in joint forcible entry exercise at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, Alaska, August 23, 2016 (U.S. Air Force/Javier Alvarez); Airmen assigned to Team Eglin take Polar Bear Plunge into Choctawhatchee Bay, January 18, 2019, at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida (U.S. Air Force/Samuel King, Jr.) About the Cover In This Issue Army women’s team and Marines men’s team each came in first during joint quarterly Forum running competition known 2 Executive Summary as Commander’s Cup, held at Presidio’s Soldier Field, on July 4 The Imperative for the 21, 2017, with the Marine Corps U.S. Military to Develop a Detachment Presidio of Monterey Counter-UAS Strategy claiming Commander’s Cup for By Edward A. Guelfi, Buddhika best combined time, Presidio of Jayamaha, and Travis Robison Monterey, California (U.S. Army/ Steven Shepard) 13 The Challenge of Dis-Integrating A2/AD Zone: How Emerging Technologies Are Shifting the Balance Back to the Defense By Alex Vershinin 91 Disciplined Lethality: Expanding Joint Force Quarterly is published by the National Competition with Iran in an Defense University Press for the Chairman of the 20 Proliferated Commercial Joint Chiefs of Staff. JFQ is the Chairman’s flagship Age of Nation-State Rivalries joint military and security studies journal designed to Satellite Constellations: By Scott J. Harr inform members of the U.S. Armed Forces, allies, and Implications for other partners on joint and integrated operations; national security policy and strategy; efforts to combat National Security 97 Countering A2/AD in the Indo- terrorism; homeland security; and developments in By Matthew A. Hallex and Pacific: A Potential Change training and joint professional military education to Travis S. Cottom for the Army and Joint Force transform America’s military and security apparatus to meet tomorrow’s challenges better while protecting By Hassan M. Kamara freedom today. All published articles have been vetted 30 Electronic Warfare in the through a peer-review process and cleared by the Suwalki Gap: Facing the Defense Office of Prepublication and Security Review. Russian “Accompli Attack” Recall NDU Press is the National Defense University’s cross-component, professional military and academic By Jan E. Kallberg, Stephen S. 103 Learning the Art of Joint publishing house. Hamilton, and Matthew G. Sherburne Operations: Ulysses S. The opinions, conclusions, and recommendations Grant and the U.S. Navy expressed or implied within are those of the By Harry Laver contributors and do not necessarily reflect the views JPME Today of the Department of Defense or any other agency of the Federal Government. 39 Strategic Leader Research: Copyright Notice Answering the Call Book Reviews This is the official U.S. Department of Defense edition By Larry D. Miller and 110 Boy on the Bridge of Joint Force Quarterly. Any copyrighted portions of this journal may not be reproduced or extracted Laura A. Wackwitz Reviewed by Bryon Greenwald without permission of the copyright proprietors. JFQ should be acknowledged whenever material is quoted 47 Expanding Atrocity Prevention 111 To Build a Better World from or based on its content. Education for Rising U.S. Reviewed by Walter M. Hudson Submissions and Communications JFQ welcomes submission of scholarly, independent National Security Leaders research from members of the Armed Forces, By David Wigmore 112 The Russian security policymakers and shapers, defense analysts, Understanding of War academic specialists, and civilians from the United States and abroad. Submit articles for consideration 55 The Missing Element in Reviewed by Maria Y. Omelicheva to ScholarOne, available at https://mc04. Crafting National Strategy: manuscriptcentral.com/ndupress, or write to: A Theory of Success Joint Doctrine Editor, Joint Force Quarterly By Frank G. Hoffman NDU Press 114 Airbase Defense Falls 300 Fifth Avenue (Building 62, Suite 212) Fort Lesley J. McNair Between the Cracks Washington, DC 20319 Commentary By Joseph T. Buontempo Telephone: (202) 685-4220/DSN 325 65 The Joint Force Needs a and Joseph E. Ringer Email: [email protected] Global Engagement Cycle JFQ online: ndupress.ndu.edu/jfq nd By Gregory M. Tomlin 121 Putting the “FIL” into “DIME”: 2 Quarter, April 2020 Growing Joint Understanding ISSN 1070-0692 73 Detention Operations as a of the Instruments of Power Strategic Consideration By Cesar Augusto Rodriguez, Timothy By John F. Hussey Charles Walton, and Hyong Chu 128 Update Features 83 Transforming DOD for Agile Multidomain Command and Control By Douglas O. Creviston Army Project Manager Tactical Network works to find solutions that enable larger numbers of smaller satellites to orbit closer to Earth, April 11, 2019 (Courtesy International Space Station) Executive Summary n the inaugural issue of Joint Force create a new combatant command: the Chief of Space Operations joins them Quarterly, space was a part of the dis- United States Space Command. The as a new Service chief. While General I cussion when then–Air Force Chief of new command will give this initiative Jay Raymond, U.S. Space Force, will Staff General Merrill McPeak wrote his its tactical workforce once the details have the smallest force at the table and “Ideas Count” article. General McPeak are finalized. What will it mean to the report to the Secretary of the Air Force, stated, “I believe the Air Force should joint force and to joint warfighting? I as Air Force Chief of Staff General David consolidate all U.S. military operations suspect a great deal after the adminis- Goldfein does, his team has arguably the in space.” A generation later, we have trative actions are worked out. biggest domain to work in. For the joint picked up on his suggestion. The joint In the past decade, we have seen force, U.S. Space Command has returned force has expanded at the strategic and the addition of the National Guard to to the combatant commanders’ table operational levels in a historic move to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and now the in its second life, having first appeared 2 Forum / Executive Summary JFQ 97, 2nd Quarter 2020 from 1985 to 2002. In addition, General Hallex and Travis Cottom discuss how you learn about a range of important Raymond will be dual-hatted as U.S. the rapid increase in commercial satellites joint and strategic issues. Space Command’s commander. will affect our national security. Another This issue’s Joint Doctrine section To readers of JFQ, space as a warf- important, yet sometimes neglected, offers two important articles that speak ighting domain—or the desire to have issue is electronic warfare. JFQ alumnus directly to the seams in joint operations, a separate Service—is not a new idea. Jan Kallberg, Stephen Hamilton, and instruments of power, and the pursuit of However, the idea of a separate Service is Matthew Sherburne discuss how to iden- strategy’s ends. As reliance on using for- one that had to overcome a great deal of tify advances in Russian capabilities that ward-deployed airpower to back up local opposition and bureaucratic inertia. Will the joint force needs to counter. forces in combat operations grows, one this separation allow for a better focus In JPME Today, Larry Miller and question Joseph Buontempo and Joseph on this warfighting domain? Will acqui- Laura Wackwitz discuss how to conduct Ringer address is who will provide airbase sition decisionmaking and management research to support the education of defense. And in an effort to raise aware- of space programs be better? The most strategic leadership in our staff and war ness within the joint force of the financial, important issues that have arisen in recent colleges.