Pandora Könyvek 7. Éva Kovács EXPLORING ENGLISH PHRASAL VERBS Éva Kovács EXPLORING ENGLISH PHRASAL VERBS Pandora Könyvek 7. kötet Éva Kovács EXPLORING ENGLISH PHRASAL VERBS Sorozatszerkesztő: Mózes Mihály Eddig megjelent kötetek: Loboczky János Dialógusban lenni — hermeneutikai megközelítések (1. kötet, 2006) István Kertész Zur Sozialpolitik der Attaliden… (2. kötet, 2006) Mózes Mihály Ausztrália története (3. kötet, 2006) Zimányi Árpád Nyelvhasználat, nyelvváltozás (4. kötet, 2006) Domonkosi Ágnes Stíluselemzés, trópusok, alakzatok (5. kötet, 2006) Budai László Az angol ige valenciája nyelvpedagógiai perspektívából (6. kötet, 2006) Éva Kovács EXPLORING ENGLISH PHRASAL VERBS Líceum Kiadó Eger, 2007 Lektorálták: Karin Macdonald anyanyelvi lektor Charles Somerville anyanyelvi lektor Minden jog fenntartva, beleértve a sokszorosítás, a mű bővített, illetve rövidített változata kiadásának jogát is. A kiadó hozzájárulása nélkül sem a teljes mű, sem annak része semmiféle formában (fotókópia, mikrofilm vagy más hordozó) nem sokszorosítható. A borítón John William Waterhouse: Pandora (1896) című festményének részlete látható ISSN: 1787-9671 A kiadásért felelős az Eszterházy Károly Főiskola rektora Megjelent az EKF Líceum Kiadó gondozásában Igazgató: Kis-Tóth Lajos Felelős szerkesztő: Zimányi Árpád Műszaki szerkesztő: Nagy Sándorné Borítóterv: Kormos Ágnes Megjelent: 2007. szeptember Példányszám: 100 Készítette: Diamond Digitális Nyomda, Eger Ügyvezető: Hangácsi József To my son TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..........................................................................11 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................13 2. IDENTIFICATION OF PHRASAL VERBS............................................27 2.1 Phrasal verbs in dictionaries and grammar books...........................27 2.2 Phrasal verbs in the literature on linguistics ...................................32 2.2.1 Phrasal verbs in a narrower sense ........................................33 2.2.2 Phrasal verbs in a broader sense...........................................36 2.2.3 Phrasal verbs in cognitive grammar .....................................40 3. THE ROLE OF DICTIONARIES OF PHRASAL VERBS IN MASTERING PHRASAL VERBS ......................................................42 3.1 The diachronic development of dictionaries of English phrasal verbs..................................................................................42 3.2 How can dictionaries of phrasal verbs help learners to master phrasal verbs in English?...............................................................44 4. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PHRASAL VERBS IN A NARROWER SENSE (VERB + ADVERBIAL PARTICLE COMBINATIONS) AND PREPOSITIONAL VERBS (VERB + PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS)...............................................................................51 4.1 In Radford’s transformational grammar..........................................53 4.1.1 The distribution argument ....................................................54 4.1.2 Selection restrictions ............................................................55 4.1.3 Movement.............................................................................55 4.1.4 Sentence-fragment test .........................................................55 4.1.5 The distribution of adverbial phrases...................................56 4.1.6 Coordination test ..................................................................56 4.1.7 Ellipsis or gapping test .........................................................56 4.1.8 Pronominalisation.................................................................57 4.1.9 NP objects ............................................................................57 4.2 Some other criteria proposed by other scholars..............................59 4.2.1 Fronting ................................................................................61 4.2.2 Stress ....................................................................................62 4.2.3 Passivisation .........................................................................64 4.2.4 Action nominalization ..........................................................66 7 5. POSITION OF THE PARTICLE RELATIVE TO THE DIRECT OBJECT IN TRANSITIVE VERB + ADVERB CONSTRUCTIONS..............................................................................68 5.1 Syntactic factors..............................................................................70 5.1.1 Pronoun as a realization of the object ..................................70 5.1.2 Coordination of particles......................................................71 5.1.3 Coordination of pronouns.....................................................71 5.1.4 Length/complexity of the direct object ................................71 5.1.5 Presence of a directional adverbial after the verb-particle construction ...........................................................................72 5.1.6 Presence of any prepositional phrase complement ..............72 5.1.7 Semantic equivalence of the particle to a reduced prepositional phrase...............................................................72 5.1.8 Manner adverbs modifying the particle................................72 5.2 Phonological factors........................................................................73 5.3 Semantic factors..............................................................................73 5.3.1 Literal combinations.............................................................74 5.3.2 Aspectual combinations .......................................................75 5.3.3 Idiomatic combinations ........................................................78 5.3.4 Dependency/independency relationship between the verb and particle ..............................................................80 5.4 Discourse-functional factors ...........................................................81 5.4.1 News value of the direct object............................................81 5.4.2 The distance of the direct object to its antecedent in the discourse ................................................................................82 5.5 Integration of several of the above mentioned factors....................82 6. MULTI-WORD VERBS AND THEIR SINGLE-WORD SYNONYMS ........................................................................................86 7. PHRASAL VERBS USED AS NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES..............102 7.1 Phrasal verbs used as nouns..........................................................102 7.1.1 My corpus of phrasal nouns ...............................................102 7.1.2 Types of phrasal verbs used as nouns ................................105 7.1.3 Word-formation processes .................................................106 7.1.4 Phonological properties......................................................109 7.1.5 Orthographical properties...................................................109 7.1.6 Semantic properties ............................................................110 7.1.7 Stylistic/ register properties................................................115 7.1.8 Phrasal nouns in compound and attributive formations.....116 7.2. Phrasal verbs used as adjectives ..................................................117 8 8. THE DIACHRONIC DEVELOPMENT OF PHRASAL VERBS IN ENGLISH.......................................................................................123 8.1 From verbal prefixes to post-verbal particles ...............................123 8.1.1 The structural shift .............................................................123 8.1.2 Reasons for the shift from prefix to particle ......................124 8.2 Semantic change in the verbal prefixes and particles ...................125 8.2.1 Aspect vs. Aktionsart .........................................................125 8.2.2 Bleaching - metaphorical shift - iconicity ..........................126 8.3 Meanings of prefixes in OE and ME ............................................128 8.3.1 Prefixes in OE ....................................................................128 8.3.2 Prefixes in Middle English.................................................133 8.4 Emergence of the phrasal verb: from spatial to aspectual meanings in OE and ME .............................................................133 8.4.1 The phrasal verb in Old English.........................................134 8.4.2 The phrasal verb in Middle English ...................................136 8.5 The relation of particles to prefixes..............................................139 8.5.1 Prefixed verbs.....................................................................139 8.5.2 Prefixed verbs and their phrasal verb counterparts............142 9. PROPERTIES OF PARTICLES AND VERBS WHICH CONSTITUTE PHRASAL VERBS ...................................................150 9.1 Classification of particles..............................................................150 9.2 Particles other than adverbs ..........................................................158 9.2.1 Adjectives as particles........................................................158 9.2.2 Infinitives as particles.........................................................160 9.3 Morphological properties..............................................................161 9.4 Syntactic properties.......................................................................168 9.4.1 Transitivity/intransitivity....................................................168