Prevalence, Life Cycle of the Eggplant Fruit Borer (Sceliodes laisalis Walk) and its Infestation on Three Eggplant Cultivars under some Cultural Practices in the Gezira Scheme, Sudan Ashraf Ahmed Eisa Hussein B.Sc. (Honors) in Agricultural Sciences (Crop Protection) Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Gezira (2004) M.Sc. in Crop Protection, University of Gezira, (2009) A Thesis Submitted to the University of Gezira in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Crop Protection (Entomology) Department of Crop Protection Faculty of Agricultural Sciences April, 2014 Prevalence, Life Cycle of the Eggplant Fruit Borer (Sceliodes laisalis Walk) and its Infestation on Three Eggplant Cultivars under some Cultural Practices in the Gezira Scheme, Sudan Ashraf Ahmed Eisa Hussein Supervision Committee: Name Position Signature Dr. Mohammed Hamza Zein Elabdeen Main Supervisor …………….. Dr. Ahmed Adam Eisa Omer Co-supervisor ……………….. Prof. Ali Elbadawi Ali Saad Co-supervisor ………………. Date : April/ 2014 ii Prevalence, Life Cycle of the Eggplant Fruit Borer (Sceliodes laisalis Walk) and its Infestation on Three Eggplant Cultivars under some Cultural Practices in the Gezira Scheme, Sudan Ashraf Ahmed Eisa Hussein Examination Committee: Name Position Signature Dr. Ahmed Adam Eisa Omer Chairperson ………………………. Prof. Elamin Mohamed Elamin External Examiner ……………………… Dr. Faiza Elgaili Elhassan Salah Internal Examiner …………………….. Date of Examination: 24/4/2014 Dedication To my beloved family; father, mother, brothers and sister, and a special dedications to my friends. To my sweet heart Samar and to those who are rendering survival sorrows meaningless attaching to my soul Methage have all my deep affection iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Praise be to Alla, the Almighty, who gave me health, strength and patience to conduct this work. Great appreciation is due to my supervisor Dr. Mohammed Hamza Zein Elabdeen, God blessing upon him for suggesting the problem and for his invaluable advice, continuous help and encouragement. Thanks are also extended to Dr. Ahmed Adam Eisa Omer and Prof. Ali Elbadawi Ali Saad my co-advisors for their guide and help. Special thanks are due to my family for encouragement and patience. I would, also, like to thank my friends and colleagues in the U. of G. and Crop Protection Department for their help. Special thanks are due Dr. Awadalla Belal Dafalla for his valuable help in data analysis. Sincere and true appreciation to my Sponsor DAAD Organization for financing this project and to their vital role in developing research in my beloved country, the Sudan. Last, but, not least I would like to thank Miss Ayda Yousif for typing the manuscript. iv Prevalence , Life Cycle of the Eggplant Fruit Borer (Sceliodes laisalis Walk) and its Infestation on Three Eggplant Cultivars under some Cultural Practices in the Gezira Scheme, Sudan Ashraf Ahmed Eisa Hussein Abstract The eggplant fruit borer (Sceliodes laisalis Walk) is known to attack eggplant in Sudan. Information about this pest is scarce. This study was conducted to investigate its prevalence, life cycle and effect of some cultural practices on infestation of some eggplant cultivars. A survey to investigate the infestation of the insect on eggplant was conducted in three locations within the Gezira scheme during the period January to March in 2012 .Response of three cultivars of eggplant to the infestation of the insect was studied in the field during the summer season of 2010 / 11 and the winter seasons of 2011/12 and 2013/14. In the field experiments, the eggplant cultivars Wizzo, Black Beauty and Long Purple were planted at Elmanagil location, two planting dates (early and late) and two planting spaces (30 cm and 50 cm) in summer and winter. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The life cycle of the insect was studied in the laboratory. Chromatographic analysis of wet and dry eggplant fruit rind was carried out to determine the cause of resistance of the eggplant cultivars to infestation by the insect. The survey revealed infestation rate of 21% at Wadelnur, 24% at Shasha and 43% at Daw irrigation areas. Field studies showed that the two cultivars Wizzo and Black Beauty recorded high infestation by the insect during the summer compared to Long Purple . With respect to the season effect, less infestation in the three cultivars was recorded in summer early planting compared to late planting. The 30 cm spacing resulted in less infestation on the three cultivars compared to the 50 cm planting spacing recorded in both seasons. Laboratory studies showed equal incubation, larval and pupal periods of the insect on the three cultivars; these were 4.5, 14 and 9.5 days, respectively. The sex ratio (female: male) was found to be (1:0.8) in all cultivars. The life cycle was completed in 28 days irrespective of the eggplant cultivar. The chromatographic analysis revealed different coloured bands against normal light in Long Purple cultivar. This study recommends planting Long Purple cultivar during the summer at 30 cm spacing in the Gezira Scheme to reduce eggplant fruit borer infestation. v وجود ودورة حياة ثاقبة ثمار الباذنجان (Sceliodes laisalis Walk) واصابتها لثﻻثة أصناف من الباذنجان تحت بعض العمليات الفﻻحية في مشروع الجزيرة، السودان أشرف أحمد عيسي حسين ملخص الدراسة ثاقبة ثمار الباذنجان (Sceliodes laisalis Walk) توجد عموماً في السودان وتهاجم نبات الباذنجان والمعلومات المتوفرة عن هذه اﻵفة قليلة. أجريت هذه الدراسة بهدف معرفة تواجد ودورة حياة ثاقبة ثمار الباذنجان واصابتها لثﻻثة أصناف من الباذنجان تحت بعض العمليات الفﻻحية. تم إاجرء المسح الحقلي لمعرفة إصابة ثاقبة ثمار الباذنجان في ثﻻثة مواقع في مش روع الجزيرة في الفترة من يناير إلى مارس 2012م. لمعرفة استجابة ثﻻثة أصناف من الباذنجان لﻹصابة بالحشرة بواسطة الادرسة الحقلية في الموسم الشتوي 2010/11 وموسمين شتويين 2011/12 و 2013/14. في التجارب الحقلية تمت زارعة ثﻻثة أصناف من الباذنجان Long Purple, Wizzo و Black Beauty في منطقة المناقل، باستخدام طريقتين لمواعيد الزارعة )مبكرة ومتأخرة( واستخدمت مسافتين بين النباتات )30 سم و50 سم(. تم توزيع المعامﻻت بنظام القطع العشوائية الكاملة في ثﻻث مكررات. تمت دراسة دورة حياة الحشرة. تمت ادرسة التحليل الطيفي لﻷلوان على ثمار الباذنجان )جافة ومبللة( لتحديد مقاومة الطرز الجينية لﻹصابة بالحشرة. أظهر المسح أن معدل اﻹصابة بالحشرة في المناطق المروية كان 21% في ود النور ، 24% في شاشة و43% في ضوء. بالرغم من أخذ تأثايرت الموسم في اﻻعتبار أظهرت نتائج الدراسات الحقلية أن الصنفين Wizzo و Black Beauty أعلى إصابة بالحشرة خﻻل الشتاء مقارنة بالصنف Long Purple . سجلت أقل إصابة على اﻷصناف في الزارعة المبكرة في الصيف. كانت نتائج الزارعة على مسافة 30 سم أقل إصابة على اﻷصناف الثﻻثة مقارنة بالزارعة على مسافة 50 سم في الموسمين . نتائج التجربة المعملية أظهرت تساوي في فترة حضانة البيض ، اليرقة والعذراء للحشرة على ثﻻثة أصناف هذه كانت 4.5 ، 14 و 9.5 يوم على التوالي. وجدت النسبة الجنسية )اﻹناث إلى الذكور( متساوية )0.8 : 1( في جميع اﻷصناف. أكملت الحشرة دورة حياتها في 28 يوم بغض النظر عن أصناف الباذنجان. أظهر التحليل الطيفي لﻷلوان حزمتين ذات لونين مختلفين في الضوء العادي في الصنف Long Purple. توصي هذه الادرسة بزارعة الصنف Long Purple خﻻل موسم الصيف في مسافة 30 سم في مشروع الجزيرة لتقليل اﻹصابة بثاقبة ثمار الباذنجان. vi LIST OF CONTENTS Page Dedication ……………………….………………………………... iii Acknowledgements ………………….……………………………... iv Abstract ……………………………………………………………. v Arabic Abstract …………………………………………..……….. vi List of Contents …………………………………………………….. vii List of Tables ……………………………………………..………. xii List of Figures…………………………………………….………… xiv List of Plates ………………………………………………………. xv List of Appendices ………………………………………………… xvi CHAPTER ONE: . INTRODUCTION ……………….…………… 1 CHAPTER TWO : LITERATURE REVIEW ……………………. 2 2.1 Eggplant ……………………………..…………………………. 2 2.1.1 Uses of eggplants …………………………………………… 2 2.1.2 Economic importance ………………………………………. 3 2.1.3 Cultivars …………………………………………………..... 3 2.1.4 Sowing ……………………………………………………… 4 2.1.5 Transplanting ………………………………………………. 4 2.2 Insect pests …………………………………………………….. 5 2.2.1 The Eggplant fruit borer ………..………………………….. 5 2.2.1.1Classification ………………………………………….…… 5 2.2.1.2 Distribution ………………..………………………………. 6 2.2.1.3 Morphology and biology ……………………………….. 6 2.2.1.3.1 The egg …………………………………………………. 6 2.2.1.3.2. The larva ………………………………………………. 6 vii Page 2.2.1.3.3. The pupa ………………………………….………….…... 7 2.2.1.3.4 The adult ………………………………………………….. 7 2.2.2 Host plants …………………………………………..…….. 7 2.2.3 Infestation intensity ………………………………..………… 7 2.2.4 Nature of damage …………………………………….………. 8 2.2.5 Control measures …………………………………………….. 8 2.2.5.1 Cultural practices ………………………………….………. 8 2.2.5.2 Mechanical control …………………………………………. 8 2.2.5.3 Host plant resistance …………………………………..……. 9 2.2.5.4 Biological control ………………………………………….. 10 2.2.5.5 Pheromones ……………………………………………….. 10 2.2.5.6 Chemical control …………………………………………. 11 CHAPTER THREE :MATERIALS AND METHODS ………… 12 3.1 Field studies …………………………………………………… 12 3.1.1 The experimental site ……………………………………... 12 3.1.2 Survey for infestation by fruit borer in the Gezira and Elmanagil ……………………………………………………. 12 3.1.3 The effect of eggplant cultivars on the percentage infestation by the eggplant fruit borer ……………………………….. 12 3.2 Laboratory studies……………………………………………… 13 3.2.1 Identification of different symptoms of damage between the eggplant fruit worms ……………………………………….. 13 3.2.2 Life cycle ……………………………………………………. 13 3.2.2.1 The larvae ………………………………………………… 14 3.2.2.2 The pupae …………………………………………………. 14 3.2.2.3 The adult ………………………………………………….. 14 viii Page 3.2.2.4 Effect of cultivars on the eggplant fruit borer development 15 3.3 Chromatography