268 Appendix 1 Diagrams and Maps FIGURE 15. Location of Aleppo. Adapted from www.weather- forecast.com/locations/Aleppo. FIGURE 16. Aerial photograph of the Khan al-Jumruk and surrounding bazaars. © Google Earth, 2012. 269 FIGURE 17. Layout of the Khan al-Jumruk and associated bazaars (Starkey, ‘Khan al- Jumruk’, 120). FIGURE 18. Khan al-Jumruk complex ground plan (Starkey, ‘Khan al-Jumruk’, 122). 270 FIGURE 19. Location of Vishākhapatnam (N17 41’ (N 17° 41' 24'' E 83° 12' 33'') on the Bay of Bengal, Adapted from http://saints.sqpn.com/ncd04163.htm FIGURE 20. ‘India in the time of Warren Hastings’ (www.probertencyclopaedia.com) 271 Appendix 2 Merchants and officials 1. Aleppo 1740–1772 Name Comments Abbott, John arr. Aleppo 1759; succeeded Hays as consul 1770–1783 when he died. Abbott, Robert consul (d.1797); brother of John Abbott Drummond, Alexander British Consul, Aleppo, previously/coincidentally in Cyprus 1754– 1756+; 6 August 1758 met Ives and his party.1 Bellamy, William a great trader who went bankrupt; 2 joined in 1746. Booth merchant Bosanquet, David factor; William Fitzhugh worked with him. Bridger, Colvill last of Radcliffe’s factors in Aleppo; a volatile, weak character, troubled by conflicting interests,3; 6 August 1758 met Ives and his party; lived in Aleppo from 1754 until 1765,4 but died shortly after; took over John Free’s business after John d.1755; Treasurer in 1765; partner was John Radcliffe; friend of Jan Jacob Schultens (Leiden, Professor of Oriental Languages) Browne, Francis consul 1758, died in Aleppo 10 October 1759).5 Channer, Toby apprenticed to William Hayter;6 trading between 1735 and 1751. Chitty, Jacob William Fitzhugh worked with him Chitty, Josiah Josiah Chitty (d.1751) who was trading in Aleppo between 1744 and 1747; in partnership with John Free. Clark(e), William consul 1768–d. in Aleppo July 1769. Coke, Nevil consul 1727–1740. Crofts, Thomas (1750–1753) who travelled to Mount Lebanon with Drummond.7 Dawes, Reverend Thomas chaplain after Charles Holloway from August 1759 to June 1769; followed by Robert Foster; started a register of events from 1762; collected coins.8 Drummond. Alexander consul after Pollard also serving in Cyprus; accompanied Hemming, Levett and William Fitzhugh on an expedition to the Euphrates in 1747 and even visited a Turkmen settlement. Edwards, Edward chaplain 1729–d.1742, buried in Aleppo. Edwards, Eleazar factor by 1754; chancellor from c.1764–1781; 1764 his wife Elizabeth [Aleazar] died of consumption,; listed by Wilson as chaplain 1769–1770; still in Aleppo in 1781.9 FitzHugh, William sent out as a trainee aged eighteen to work for factor David Bosanquet; then for the London merchant Jacob Chitty, and finally as an 1 Ives obtained funds in Aleppo via Consul Drummond in 1758 (Ives, Voyage, 196, 236, 363, 366). 2 Davis, Devonshire Square, 51, 57, 94, 246, 249, 250. 3 Davis, Devonshire Square, 2, 21. 4 Elena Frangakis-Syrett, ‘Trade practices in Aleppo in the middle of the eighteenth century’, Revue du monde musulman et de la Méditerranée 62 (1991), 123–32; Pedigree Register, 215, 217. 5 Pedigree Register, 215. 6 Davis, Devonshire Square, 65. 7 Laidlaw, British in the Levant, 103–4. 8 William Hunter’s coin cabinet was second only to that of the King of France by 1782, the nucleus being a cabinet of c.450 Syrian coins collected at Aleppo by Dawes (J. Donald Bateson, ‘Great Collectors; William Hunter’, www.muenzgeschichte.ch/downloads/collectors-hunter.pdf (10 December 2009). Patrick was paid fifty guineas by Hunter for his coin collection in 2 October 1776; in 1780 Hunter paid £1000 for factor Samuel Bosanquet’s collection of coins from Aleppo. MS Hunter H453, H457, H.348. Patrick’s 9 gold, 15 silver and over 48 base silver Turkish coins are listed in Squibb, Catalogue, 58–59. George Macdonald, Catalogue of Greek Coins in the Hunterian Collection, University of Glasgow (Glasgow: James Maclehose and Sons, 1899), i, x, xxiv, xxvii– xxviii. On other coin collectors in Aleppo, see Boogert, ‘Freemasonry’, 118. 9 Pedigree Register. 272 Name Comments independent factor; left Aleppo a wealthy man;10 trading between 1735 and 1751; accompanied Drummond, Levett and Hemming on an expedition to the Euphrates in 1747 and even visited a Turkmen settlement. Foley, Dudley trading in 1740s; with Charles Lisle.11 Foster, Robert chaplain, 1770–1778 and later served in Smyrna; followed by John Hussey. Free, John in partnership with the factor Josiah Chitty; After John Free’s death (d.1755), Bridger took over his business.12 Free, Nathaniel factor by 1754; 6 August 1758 met Ives and his party. Frye & Mitford merchant house/trading partnership in the 1740s.13 Griffiths MD, Julius/John On disastrous journey with Hay and his daughter.14 H.J. & T. March ailing merchant house;15; trading in 1740s; partners included Samuel Medley and Arthur Pullinger. Hamond, William another partner in Stratton & Hamond; trading in Aleppo from 1747 until 1754, after which Bridger took over the whole of the Radcliffe & Stratton’s business.16 Hays, David pro-consul 1783–1784; factor by 1754, in Aleppo in 1758 and still there in 1774; 6 August 1758 met Ives and his party; Hays died on a disastrous journey with his daughter and Julius/John Griffiths, MD. Hayter, William took on Toby Channer; trading between 1735 and 1751. Hemming, John c.1743–1748, left Aleppo by 1750 succeeded? by Dawes; about twenty- five when he arrived; accompanied Drummond on two or more expeditions from Aleppo including an expedition to the Euphrates in 1747 with Drummond, Levett and William Fitzhugh; even by 1747 was suffering from gout; Freemason in 1748; chaplain; later became chaplain and headmaster, then Dean of Guernsey (d.1765).17 Holloway, Reverend chaplain 1742–d.22 September 1758, buried in Aleppo;18 followed as Charles chaplain by Thomas Dawes from August 1759 to June 1769. Hopkins, Joseph nephew of David Hays, died in Aleppo in 1769. Hughes, Francis (d.1762) died of malignant fever.19 Hussey, John chaplain after Robert Foster from 1779–1782; he died en route to India in 1799.20 Kinloch, William brother of Sir James Kinloch of Nevay; consul from 1759; dismissed in 1766, after serving as chargé d’affaires in Constantinople from 1765, d.1812?).21 Kirkhouse, John Brand Scottish merchant; 6 August 1758 met Ives and his party; chancellor 1758–1759, until c.1764; later acting vice-consul in Larnaca; a Freemason. 10 Terrick V.H. FitzHugh and Henry A. Fitzhugh. The history of the FitzHugh family (Ottershaw: [T.V.H. Fitzhugh], 1998). 11 Davis, Devonshire Square, 67. 12 Davis, Devonshire Square, 91. 13 Davis, Devonshire Square, 20, 90, 228. 14 John Griffiths, MD, RMSEd, Travels in Europe, Asia Minor and Arabia (Edinburgh: John Brown, 1805); fl 1785s, a sentimental account. 15 Davis, Devonshire Square, 21. 16 Davis, Devonshire Square, 91. 17 Drummond, Different cities, 194, in Letter X (26.10.1747), 236 in Letter XI (27.12.1748); Pedigree Register, 215; Laidlaw, British in the Levant, 99–100; Aleppo observed, 97, lists Hemming as chaplain. 18 Ives, Voyage, 370. 19 Pedigree Register, 216. 20 Laidlaw, British in the Levant, 228–9. 21 SP 105/119, cited by Laidlaw, British in the Levant, 43–44. 273 Name Comments Lansdown, Thomas factor by 1754; 6 August 1758 met Ives and his party. Levett Mr merchant; accompanied Drummond and Hemming on an expedition to the Euphrates in 1747 and visited a Turkmen settlement.22 Lisle, Charles trading in 1740s with Dudley Foley. Maffick merchant; 6 August 1758 met Ives and his party. Masters, Mr Samuel Johnson writes of a Mr Masters, consul in 1783, who had planted his gardens in the English fashion and after visiting it a wife of the Pasha’s wife concealed herself in a cupboard. Masters informed the Pasha and she was thrown off a bridge and he left Aleppo speedily.23 Medley, Samuel went into a disastrous partnership with Arthur Pullinger in H., J. and T. March, cloth and silk merchants in Aleppo, until it went bankrupt in 1739. Micklethwait, Nathaniel consul 1740–1745. Newton, Richard in Aleppo in 1755; d.1762 of erysipelas, an acute skin infection. Philips, Thomas in Aleppo in 1755.24 Pollard, Arthur consul after R. Sherman and before Drummond; 1747–1751 Dutch consul. Preston, Henry pro-consul 1766–1768, left Aleppo by 1773. Pullinger, Arthur partner with Samuel Medley in H., J., and T. March, cloth and silk merchants in Aleppo, until it went bankrupt in 1739; in Aleppo between 1725 and 1739 and returned there at least in 1747;25 epigrapher; friend of the traveller Richard Pococke, as well as Voltaire; wrote an account of journey in 1739, between Aleppo and Constantinople.26 Radcliffe & Stratton partnership; partners included Arthur Radcliffe; eventually taken over by Colvill Badger. Radcliffe family ran one of the more important businesses over many years.27 Radcliffe, Arthur 1734–1743 with Radcliffe & Stratton; stolid and amiable with his family but severe as a businessman;28; factor between 1740 and 1772 Radcliffe, John a cheerful soul fresh from Eton, was sent to Aleppo in March 1758 to become a partner to Colvill Bridger; heir to the Radcliffe business in London in 1760 and returned home, after the death of his elder brother; a spendthrift, dying insolvent and childless in 1783. 22 Either Francis Levett or his nephew John. Francis Levett (1700–1764), a factor of the Levant Company in Constantinople at least from 1737 to 1749 when he went home to England; previously apprenticed to Edward Radcliffe; partner of Andrew Turnbull (1718–1792), then British Consul at Smyrna. The Swiss-French artist Jean-Étienne Liotard (1702–1789), who accompanied Lord Duncannon, William Ponsonby (1704–1793, Lord Duncannon, second Earl of Bessborough from 1758) and John Montagu, fourth Earl of Sandwich, to Constantinople in 1738 and stayed there until 1742, painted ‘Monsieur Levett and Mademoiselle Glavani in Turkish costume’, oil on canvas, in Constantinople c.1740.