Fall 2010 Vol 2 Issue 1 thenerve Spatial Navigation and the Memory Network The Religious Brain The Drugs and Mechanisms of General Anesthesia Neuroscience and the Military TheResolving Rise of the the Cyborgs Line Between Genius and Insanity Mind and Brain Society The Mind and Brain Society (MBS) was founded in the fall of 2008 in concert with BU’s new Undergraduate Program in Neuroscience. The group aims to create a net- work for undergraduate students who wish to take an active role in current issues and research. MBS serves as a hub for not only Neuroscience majors, but all students in- terested in Psychology, Biology, Philosophy, Computer Science, etc. Our goal is to sup- port an eager multidisciplinary undergraduate community with the conversations and resources fundamental to Neuroscience today. Throughout the academic year, MBS hosts events spotlighting many different fac- ets of Neuroscience. We hold discussion sessions during which we informally discuss a topic of interest over coffee; previous topics include “The Neuroscience of Religion” and “NeuroEthics.” The group also hosts research presentations by BU professors and screenings of thought-provoking films containing neuroscience motifs. CONTENTS Spring 2010 Vol. 1 Issue 2 RESEARCH IN BRIEF 5 ARTICLES Sports-related Concussions and the NFL by John Batoha & Evan Stein 11 Resolving the Line Between Genius and Insanity by Frank DeVita 17 Ten Minutes to a Trance by Anuhya Caipa 22 Trick or Treatment? The Placebo Effect by Natalie Banacos 24 Brain Research and National Defense by Aisha Sohail 27 REVIEWS General Anesthesia: Drugs and Mechanisms by Grigori Guitchounts 32 Spatial Navigation: Decoding the Human Memory Network by Evan Stein 41 OPINION Evolutionary Psychology on the Couch by Devyn Buckley 49 Do brains run algorithms? by Kayla Ritchie 57 SPRING 2010 | 3 “When we speak of nature it is wrong to forget that we are ourselves a part of nature.” -Henri Editors-In-Chief Grigori Guitchounts Matisse Kimberly LeVine tudents of neuroscience decide to join the field for a myriad of reasons- not the least of which includes a Editors Ssentiment of vanity. “My brain is amazing and I want Frank DeVita to know how it works.” At the beginning, many walk around Lauren Joseph fascinated, suddenly more in tune with how we know and experience what we do- spouting off “Did you know’s…” to Associate Editors unsuspecting friends and family. As study continues, we Natalie Banacos learn of tinier molecules, more complex proteins, and the John Batoha most finely tuned processes. The scale becomes smaller Devyn Buckley and several steps removed from our consciousness. It is easy to consider these inner-workings as only controlled Monika Chitre experiments under careful watch in a lab, but if we can keep Jennifer Richardson in mind that such precise orchestrations occur naturally Kayla Ritchie within us, the whole thing becomes even more astounding. Evan Stein Welcome to the second year of The Nerve’s infancy. Once again, we are thrilled to present an issue with breadth Artistic Director across the field of neuroscience while spotlighting a few of Kayla Ritchie our favorite topics from the last six months. We’d like to extend our deepest thanks to The Nerve staff and writers and Boston University faculty for pushing us into our sec- Artwork ond volume. Mursal Atif As you read each article, be a little self-centered. Con- Devyn Buckley sider the way your wiring affects your daily life. Consider Mariya Marioutina the amount of electricity running through you. Consider Margaret Mcguinness each molecule taking its course through your brain, moving Aubrey Reuben in such synchrony to make your very reading this possible! It’s a lot to think about, but the exquisitely intricate nature of the system is what makes it so extraordinary. MBS Staff This and other issues of The Nerve would not have been Megan Mataga possible without the generous help ofPaul Lipton, Howard Macayla Donegan Eichenbaum, Lindsey Clarkson, Denise Parisi, Zachary Bos, Shea Gillet and Jarret Frank. Advisors - Grigori Guitchounts and Kimberly LeVine Paul Lipton Editors-In-Chief Zachary Bos RESEARCH IN BRIEF Elucidating a New Pathway for Pain Management Pain management is an important branch of med- peripheral nervous system and suppress FAAH activ- icine, especially in fields that consider long-term pain- ity, thus increasing anandamide levels in the periph- related diseases such as cancer or arthritis. People ex- ery. As a result, behavioral responses to peripheral perience pain as a result of nerve impulses traveling nerve pain and inflammation were reduced and neu- through the spinal cord to the central nervous system ronal activation in pain processing was suppressed in in response to noxious stimuli. As the pain signal trav- rodent models in response to increased anandamide els to the brain, it can be modulated in a number of binding at CB1 receptors. different ways by intervening nerve fibers that cause Experiments subjected rodent models to neuro- an inhibitory effect, thus reducing pain. This interfer- pathic and inflammatory pain to test the efficacy of ence can be experienced in the common instinct rub URB937 as an analgesic. For neuropathic pain, sciatic a wound: our body’s touch receptors connect to pain nerve injury was induced and the compound was im- signal fibers in the upward pain pathway to the brain mediately administered. Results showed decreased and slow the noxious signal’s travel by inducing vari- sensitivity to pain and daily administration of the ous neuronal interactions. Other ways to modulate drug showed consistent results. Chemically induced pain incorporate the use of analgesic drugs, most inflammatory swelling in the rodents was combated commonly opiates, such as morphine for acute pain, with URB937 with equally effective results. Spinal or lighter analgesics such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) pain perception was also investigated by measuring and salicylic acid (Aspi- levels of the protein Fos, rin). Both act within the whose levels are elevated in brain itself through mo- response to neuronal activi- lecular interactions to ty in the spinal cord and thus modulate pain in a top in response to pain. URB937 down fashion through was able to attenuate Fos neurotransmitter sys- levels in regions of the neck tems. and dorsal horn of the spinal Neurotransmitters cord, implying that the trav- are a crucial piece of the eling pain signal was sup- puzzle in the neurosci- pressed before it was able to ence underlying pain. reach the brain itself. Current research is elu- The suggestion of this cidating the mechanisms research is that increased of anandamide, a myste- anandamide levels in the rious neurotransmitter periphery and CB1 recep- that acts on the much-re- tors can effectively attenuate searched cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptor as well pain signals to the CNS. Since URB937 was designed as the vaniloid receptors. We do not know much about to remain exclusively outside the CNS, this research anandamide, but its levels spike in response to pain establishes the existence of a previously unexplored or inflammation and these receptors bind the neu- connection between the peripheral endocannabinoid rotransmitter, creating an analgesic affect. In a recent system and pain perception. Given their results, the Nature Neuroscience study, researchers elucidated a researchers hypothesize that peripheral anandamide mechanism of anandamide in the peripheral nervous acts as a diffuse paracrine signal to modulate pain system (PNS) and its action on cannabinoid recep- stimuli as they arrive in damaged tissues. This implies tors. The team created an inhibitor of fatty acid amide that pain stimulates anandamide production and CB1 hydrolase (FAAH), a compound that degrades anan- receptors are present in abundance in peripheral damide under normal circumstances. The inhibitor, nerve endings and throughout tissues and organs. dubbed URB937, was designed to remain only in the These results open new doors to pain therapy that can FALL 2010 | 5 RESEARCH IN BRIEF exploit the cannabinoid system to effectively attenu- matic learning difficulties. The causes of ADHD are ate pain without the highly undesirable side effects largely unknown. The general population, as well as a produced by classical opioid pain therapy. portion of the scientific community, has believed that it is likely attributed to poor parenting and a sugar — Frank DeVita rich diet, but this study presents the first evidence that ADHD is instead a genetic neurodevelopmental original paper: ClapperNature JR et Neuroscienceal. Anandamide disorder. suppresses pain initiation through a peripheral en- The study conducted at Cardiff University ana- docannabinoid mechanism. 13, lyzed the genomes of 366 children with ADHD and 1265–1270. 2010. 1047 controls. These children with ADHD were aged Rare CNVs in the ADHD 5-17 years who were diagnosed with ADHD or hy- perkinetic disorder, but not schizophrenia or autism. Genome The researchers genotyped single nucleotide poly- morphisms (SNP:DNA sequence variation in which a single nucleotide differs from the appropriate base pairing) for both groups, looking for and comparing ADHD is a disorder known to almost everyone; copy number variants (CNVs) in their genomes. it has established a prevalence in our school systems CNVs occur when one of the two copies of a gene and the media. The Center for Disease Control high- is missing or when there are too many copies. Their lights that 3-7 percent of school-aged children suf- findings showed that 57 large, rare CNVs were iden- fer from ADHD. In the United Kingdom, where this tified in the ADHD population, in contrast to the 78 particular study was done, it is reported that around CNVs that were found in the much larger control pop- one in 50 children is affected by the disorder. But ulation. This data shows that these rare CNVs were even with such high prevalence and awareness about almost twice as likely to occur in children with ADHD ADHD, the causes of the disease have escaped the sci- (14%) compared to controls (7%), including a rate entific and medical community.