BHIC-133 Indira Gandhi National Open University School of Social Sciences HISTORY OF INDIA FROM C. 1206-1707 School of Social Sciences Indira Gandhi National Open University Political Structures 2 EXPERT COMMITTEE Trends in History Writing Prof. Swaraj Basu Dr. Ranjeeta Dutta Director Centre for Historical Studies School of Social Sciences School of Social Sciences IGNOU, New Delhi Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi Dr. Meenakshi Khanna Prof. Pius Malekandathil Department of History Centre for Historical Studies Indraprastha College for Women School of Social Sciences University of Delhi, Delhi Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi Prof. Syed Najaf Haider Prof. Farhat Hasan Centre for Historical Studies Department of History School of Social Sciences University of Delhi, New Delhi Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi Dr. Mayank Kumar Dr. Tanuja Kothiyal Department of History Faculty of History Satyawati College School of Liberal Studies University of Delhi, New Delhi Ambedkar University, New Delhi Prof. Abha Singh Prof. Rameshwar Bahuguna Faculty of History Department of History & Culture School of Social Sciences Jamia Millia Islamia IGNOU, New Delhi New Delhi Prof. A.R. Khan (Convener) Dr. Tasneem Suhrawardy Faculty of History Department of History School of Social Sciences St. Stephen College IGNOU, New Delhi University of Delhi, Delhi Course Coordinator : Prof. Abha Singh COURSE TEAM Prof. Abha Singh Dr. Divya Sethi COURSE PREPARATION TEAM Unit Unit Course Writer Course Writer No. No. 1. Prof. Abha Singh 2. Dr. Iftikhar Ahmad Khan School of Social Sciences Department of History Indira Gandhi National Open University M S University, Baroda New Delhi Prof. Ravindra Kumar, School of Social Science, IGNOU, New Delhi and Dr. Nilanjan Sarkar, School of Oriental and African Study, London 3. Dr. Firdaus Anwar, Kirorimal College, 4. Dr. Sangeeta Pandey and University of Delhi, Delhi; Prof. Sunita Prof. Abha Singh Zaidi, Department of History and Culture, School of Social Sciences Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi; and Prof. Indira Gandhi National Open University, Abha Singh, School of Social Sciences, New Delhi IGNOU, New Delhi. 5. Prof. Iqtidar Hussain Siddiqui 6. Dr. Meena Bhargava, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh; and Indraprastha College, Delhi Dr. Meena Bhargava, Prof. Mansura Haider and Prof. R. A. Alavi, Indraprastha College, Delhi Centre of Advanced Study in History, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh and Prof. Inayat Zaidi, Department of History and Culture, Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi; Prof. Seema Alavi, Department of History, Delhi University, Delhi Prof. Abha Singh, School of Social Sciences, IGNOU, New Delhi. 7. Dr. Kiran Dattar, University of Delhi, Delhi 8. Prof. Aniruddha Ray, Department of Islamic and Dr. Rajeev Sharma, History and Culture, Calcutta University, Centre of Advanced Study in History, Kolkata and Prof. Abha Singh, School of Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. Social Sciences, IGNOU, New Delhi. 3 9. Prof. Aniruddha Ray, Department of Islamic 10. Prof. Shireen Moosvi, Centre of Advanced History and Culture, Calcutta University, Study in History, Aligarh Muslim Kolkata; Prof. Shireen Moosvi, Centre University, Aligarh; Prof. Sunita Zaidi, of Advanced Study in History, Aligarh Department of History and Culture, Jamia Muslim University, Aligarh; and Dr. Kiran Milia Islamia, New Delhi; Dr. Kiran Dattar, Dattar, Janki Devi Mahavidyalaya, Delhi Janki Devi Mahavidyalaya, University of University, New Delhi. Delhi, New Delhi; and Prof. A.R. Khan School of Social Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi. 11. Prof. Shireen Moosvi, Centre of Advanced 12. Prof. Shireen Moosvi, Centre of Advanced Study in History, Aligarh Muslim University, Study in History Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh; Prof. Sunita Zaidi, Department of Aligarh and Prof. A. R. Khan, School of History and Culture, Jamia Milia Islamia, Social Sciences, Indira Gandhi National New Delhi; and Prof. A.R. Khan, School Open University, New Delhi. of Social Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi 13. Prof. Shireen Moosvi, Centre of Advanced 14. Prof. A. Jan Qaisar, Study in History Aligarh Muslim University, Centre of Advanced Study in History Aligarh; Prof. K.S Mathew, Pondicherry Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh University, Pondicherry; and Prof. A. R. Khan and Prof. Abha Singh, School of Social Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi 15. Prof. Shireen Moosvi, Centre of Advanced 16. Prof. R.P. Bahuguna Study in History, Aligarh Muslim Jamia Milia Islamia, New Delhi; and University, Aligarh; and Prof. A.R. Khan, Dr. Firdaus Anwar Prof. Ravindra Kumar & Prof. Abha Singh Kirorimal College,University of Delhi, School of Social Sciences, Indira Gandhi Delhi National Open University, New Delhi. 17. Prof. Ravindra Kumar 18. Dr. Priyanka Khanna School of Social Sciences Department of History IGNOU, New Delhi G.D. Goenka University, Haryana CONTENT, FORMAT AND LANGUAGE EDITING Prof. Abha Singh Dr. Divya Sethi Faculty of History Consultant, Faculty of History School of Social Sciences School of Social Sciences IGNOU, New Delhi IGNOU, New Delhi COVER DESIGN IMAGES COURTESY Photograph Source : Stevekc (Hazara Rama Temple Panel) Soham Banerjee (Quwwat-al Islam Mosque) Image Source : Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Quwwat-al-Islam_Mosque,_Delhi.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Evidence_of_Vijaynagar_pomp.jpg PRODUCTION TEAM COVER DESIGN Mr. Tilak Raj Mr. Yashpal Ms. Arvinder Chawla Asst. Registrar (Publication) Section Officer (Publication) Graphic Designer MPDD, IGNOU, New Delhi MPDD, IGNOU, New Delhi New Delhi January, 2021 Indira Gandhi National Open University, 2021 ISBN: 978-93-90773-41-1 All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the Indira Gandhi National Open University. Further information on the Indira Gandhi National Open University courses may be obtained from the University's office at Maidan Garhi, New Delhi. Printed and published on behalf of the Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi by the Registrar, MPDD, IGNOU, New Delhi. Laser Typeset by Dee Kay Printers, 5/37 A, Kirti Nagar Industrial Area, New Delhi-110 015 Printed at: Dee Kay Printers, 5/37 A, Kirti Nagar Industrial Area, New Delhi-110 015 Course Contents Pages Course Introduction 7 THEME I: POLITICAL STRUCTURES UNIT 1 : Trends in History Writing 13 UNIT 2 : Foundation, Expansion and Consolidation of Delhi Sultanate 31 UNIT 3 : Provincial Kingdoms 50 UNIT 4 : Vijayanagar and Deccan States 77 UNIT 5 : Early Mughals and Afghans 101 UNIT 6 : Mughal Polity: Akbar to Aurangzeb 122 THEME II: MILITARY AND ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEMS UNIT 7 : Administrative Structure 163 UNIT 8 : Army Organization and Mansab System 179 UNIT 9 : Iqta and Jagir 191 THEME III: ECONOMY AND SOCIETY UNIT 10 : Land Revenue 201 UNIT 11 : Rural Society 225 UNIT 12 : Inland Trade 250 UNIT 13 : Oceanic Trade 273 UNIT 14 : Technology, Craft Production and Social Change 292 UNIT 15 : Towns, Cities and Growth of Urban Centres 318 THEME IV: RELIGION AND CULTURE UNIT 16 : Bhakti and Sufi Traditions 331 UNIT 17 : Architecture and Painting 357 UNIT 18 : Women and Gender 388 Political Structures Guidelines for Study of the Course In this Course we have followed a uniform pattern for presenting the learning material. This starts with an introduction to the Course underlining the significant developments in chronological order and covers 4 major themes with coverage of 18 sub-themes or Units. For the convenience of study, all the Units have been presented with a uniform structure. Objectives as the first section of the Unit have been included to help you find what are you expected to learn from the study of the Unit. Please go through these objectives carefully and keep reflecting and checking them after studying a few sections of the Unit. Introduction of the Unit introduces you to the subject area covered and guides you to the way subject matter is presented. These are followed by the main subject area discussed through sections and sub-sections for ease of comprehension. In between the text, some check your progress exercises have been provided. We advise you to attempt these as and when you reach them. These will help you assess your study and test your comprehension of the subject studied. Compare your answers with the answer guidelines provided after the summary. The key words and unfamiliar terms have been provided at the end of each Unit, which have been marked in bold in the text. At the end of each Unit under Suggested Readings we have also provided a list of books and references. These include sources and books which are useful or have been consulted for developing the material for the concerned Unit. You should try to study them. We have also included instructional videos for an enhanced understanding by the students. Please try to watch these videos, they will help you in understanding and learning the subject matter in an all- inclusive manner. 6 Trends in History Writing COURSE INTRODUCTION Periodization of Indian history in terms of Ancient, medieval and Modern is not questionable per se; in fact, we cannot do away with this. The problem begins when we tend to identify Ancient India with the ‘Hindu’, Medieval with the ‘Muslim’ and Modern with the ‘British’ period. But the most difficult exercise is the fixation of dates relating to the above periodization. When does Ancient India end and Medieval India