Scoping paper feeding into the development of UNEP’s position on urban and peri-urban agriculture Final version (15 July 2013) Ir. Marielle Dubbeling, RUAF Foundation (International network of Resource centres on Urban Agriculture and Food security) with inputs from Yves Cabannes, DPU/University College London and from several UN and international organisations Leusden, The Netherlands (www.ruaf.org) Contents 1. Executive summary ..................................................................................................................... 3 2. Aims of the paper ........................................................................................................................ 6 3. Placing urban and peri-urban agriculture in the context of urban food systems and resilient cities .................................................................................................................................................... 7 4. Institutional, research and policy achievements and gaps in urban agriculture .......................... 11 4.1 Main institutional achievements and gaps ............................................................................. 11 4.2 Mobilising financial support .................................................................................................... 14 4.3 Research and extension for safer, more efficient and sustainable farming systems.............. 15 4.4 More commercial forms of urban agriculture and business models for short supply chains; multifunctional urban agriculture and resource recovery ............................................................ 17 4.5 Need for further integration of urban and peri-urban agriculture into land use planning and urban or city regional food systems .............................................................................................. 18 4.6 Agricultural training and extension programmes ................................................................... 20 4.7 Need for more systematic and standardised research on impacts ......................................... 22 5. Potential role that UNEP could play in the sector ......................................................................... 22 5.1 Mainstreaming urban agriculture into current UNEP programmes and agendas .................. 23 5.2 Tackling identified gaps in the sector ...................................................................................... 25 6. Conclusions .................................................................................................................................... 28 7. References ..................................................................................................................................... 29 Annex 1- Questionnaire on institutional urban agriculture programs and visions for the future- List of respondents .................................................................................................................................. 31 Annex 2- Urban agriculture, the food, waste, water and energy nexus and policy frameworks ..... 33 Urban agriculture, food security and income generation: the food nexus ................................... 33 Urban agriculture, resource recovery and efficiency and city resilience: the waste, water and energy nexus ................................................................................................................................. 37 Policy frameworks ......................................................................................................................... 42 Annex 3- Past and current involvement of research, international organisations, local government fora and UN agencies ........................................................................................................................ 47 Individual research and first UN surveys and support (1970-1995) ............................................. 47 Large increase in networking, research and policy making; several UN agencies develop projects and programmes on urban agriculture (1996-2007) .................................................................... 47 Resurge of interest for urban agriculture linked to the global food crisis, climate change, the green economy and debates on resilient cities (2008-present) ................................................... 49 2 | P a g e Scoping paper feeding into the development of UNEP’s position on urban and peri-urban agriculture 1. Executive summary In an increasingly urbanising world, characterised by growing urban markets, urban poverty and food insecurity, a rising attention for urban or city-regional food systems responds to the need to place food higher on the urban agenda. Sustainable urban food systems are on their turn an increasingly important component of more resilient cities. Urban and peri-urban agriculture are seen as one of the strategies to contribute to such more resilient urban (food) systems. The growing interest for urban and peri-urban agriculture was and is triggered by recognition of its (potential) multiple co-benefits and contributions to not only improving food security and nutrition, but also to community organisation, city greening, waste management, income and employment generation and –more recently- city resilience and climate change adaptation (including flood mitigation and reduction of urban temperatures). This paper starts by placing urban and peri-urban agriculture in the context of more sustainable and resilient urban and city-regional (food) systems, discussing its contributions along the so-called food, waste, water and energy nexus. Based on an overview of the State of Play of urban agriculture and analysis of its benefits, the paper identifies and analyses mayor research and policy gaps in the field of urban and peri-urban agriculture and gives a set of recommendations regarding an UNEP potential role and interventions in the sector. Urban and peri-urban agriculture are defined as the growing of food and plants and raising of animals and fish in and around urban areas; by making use of urban resources such as land, labour and urban organic wastes, growing produce for urban citizens, being strongly influenced by urban policies and regulations, land prices and availability and urban markets, and having effects on urban food security and poverty, as well as the urban environment and health. Over the past 15 years, urban agriculture has grown from individual project and research interest and interventions to full-fledged donor programmes; university curricula, government policy and programmes and being a main topic of international conferences and publications. Drivers for urban agriculture are growing urban populations and markets, increasing exposure to crisis, growing urban poverty and urban agriculture‟s potential contribution to urban food security, income generation and economic security, urban green design and management and climate change adaptation. International organisations such as UN–FAO, UN-HABITAT and GIZ, networks such as RUAF and the Food Think Thank and local government bodies such as ICLEI, Metropolis and the Local Authorities Major Groups increasingly call for more resilient urban food systems to which urban and peri-urban agriculture, or increased local food production, may contribute as part of a comprehensive strategy that integrally considers rural-urban food flows, food production, processing and distribution, sustainable resource use, health and nutrition. Resilient urban food systems after all do require multiple sources of food (with urban and peri-urban agriculture being one of such –complementary- sources), buffers against increase in food prices and market disruptions (urban and peri-urban agriculture is acknowledged for its contribution to enhanced self-reliance, income and job creation), call for increased resource recovery and efficiency (with urban agriculture providing opportunities for closing nutrient loops and making productive use of resources) and more increased resilience to climate change (with urban agriculture and forestry playing a potential role in mitigating impacts of climate change). 3 | P a g e Over the past years, an increasing number of local and national governments have supported urban agriculture in their programing and planning. In order to make more effective and efficient use of resource opportunities for urban agriculture available in cities, there is a need for enabling policy environments (either in the context of food security, environmental or climate change policies and programmes), integration of urban and peri- urban agriculture in development and land use plans and zoning codes, support for safe and environmentally sustainable resource recovery, marketing, financing and technical assistance to producers. Support from international organisations and programmes to urban and peri-urban agriculture has grown from individual research and first UN support in the period between 1970-1995, to large increase in networking, research and policy making and more substantial UN support to urban agriculture projects and programmes (1995-2007), to a recent resurge in interest for urban agriculture (2008-recent) linked to the global food crisis, climate change and new debates on the green economy and resilient cities. Overall, this has led to (1) an increase in research capacity and programmes on urban agriculture; (2) rise in government attention and support to urban agriculture; (3) increasing diversity of funding (sources) for urban agriculture