Index of languages Abkhaz (Northwest CauG1sian) 29-30,}8, 67,70, Armenian (Indo-European] 113) 289,}2}, 346, 82, J42, 241-2, 2;0, 253, 256, 261, 293 360,381, see also Modern Eastern evidentials and modalites 258 Armenian, \'Vcstern Armenian evidentials and person 222--3,238 Ammanian (Romance, Indo-European) 283 evidentials in discourse lO~, J37, 313, 316-18, Arrernte (Australian) 33,69,180-1,183,193,251, 323-4,346, 350 284,293,299, 3JO, 312-14, }22, see also mirativc extensions of cvidentials 196,199, Mparntwe Arrernlc 207-8 Aslian (Mon-Khmer) 234 origin of cvidentials 109,272-3,277 Athau3skan languages 31,53,291) 358 semantics Df evidentials lSB,IB6 Australi'llllanguagcs 33-5,76,87,110,132,193, Achagua (Arawak) 32,292,301 W3,314 Adioukruu (KW3, Niger·Congo) 135 Avar (Northeast Caucasian) 38 Afghan Persi<1n (Iranian, Indo-European) 109 Ayman (la'li) 12,14-[5, IS, 43, 114, 142,250, African languages 116,133,291, }8} 296-7,391, 5ec nl>v la'li Aguaruna (Jivaro) 137,141 semantics of evidentials 162 Agul (Northe.lst Caucasian) 115, J43, 228 usage of cvidcntials 335-6,338-9,357-8 Akha (Tibcto-Bunnan, Sino-'I'ibetan) 69,96-'7, 103, 204,256,261,272,277,284-5,291,31'>9 Bagvalal (Northeast Caucilsian) 155,280,316,325, Albanian (Indo-European) 40,108,130,158,197, 34 1 279,280,288,296 Bahw.m" (Arawak) 46 Algonquian 41,187,279,291 Balinese (Western Austronesian) 356 Amahuaca (Palloan) 357 Balkan Slavic (Slavic, Indo-European) 40,158, Amazonian languages ('1,76,292,357,359,382 197,279,288-9 Amdo Tibetan (Tibeto- Burman, Sino-Tibetan) Balkanlanguages 15,77,150,264,288-9,293,297 45,100,160,229-3°,232,238,260,269, Ballo-Finnic (finno-Ugric, Uralic) 77,123,140, 326,345,350 282,290 Andean Spanish 21, W9, 277, 297-9>335-6, Balticlanguages (lndo-Eumpean) 77, J40, see also Spanish, Andean 278,290 "l..llglophonc environment 386 Banawa (Arawa) 292 Apache (Ath"baskan) 291, sC<' ,lIso Western Baniwa (Arav"'ak) 32) 34, 95, 242) 253) !58~ 285,292) Apnehe 294,310, see also Baniwa of 1<;<lI1a Arabela (lap,l)·oan) 32,292 Baniwa of I~al1a (Arawak) 32,34,95,242,253,258, Arabic (Semitic) 10 285,292,294,310, Set' also Baniwa Aranda (Austmlian), see Arrernte, Mparnlwe Bantllianguagcs 275 Arremtc Barasano (East Tucanoall. Tucanoan) 51.312 Arapaho (Algonquian) 291 Barbac(l,1l1 54,124,293,325 Arawa languages 292, see also Madi dialect Basq ue (i.~ola[e) 284 complex Bedauyc (Cushitic, Afroasiatic) 137 !\rawak languages 32, 278-g, 285, 292, 296,jlO Bella Coola (Salish) 59 Archi (Northeast Caucasian) 29,72,83,96,156, Benue-Congo (Niger-Congu) 132 199, 2U7, 210, 222,233-4,238,141,256, Biansi (Tiueto-BurmJn, Sino-Tibetan) 274 279,377 Bora (Bora-Witotll) 44,72, H3,91, 93,1O~, 162-4, Arizona Tewa (Kiowa-Tmoan) 42,69-70,96, 187,243-4,258,265,292,310,341,369.373 136, I.W~40, 145, 185, 294-5, 3J3, see also flora-Witoto languages 104,382 Te\vn Boumaa fijian (Oceanic, Aostronesian) 122 430 Index of languages Bukiyip Arapcsh (Mapesh, Papuan area) 109 lhni (I'apuan area) 1]2 Bulgar (Turkicl 2R9 Dardic languages lIndo-European} 24,254,289 Bulgarian (Slavic, Indo-European) 14-)5, Jll, 136, Darp"J (KortheastCaucasian) 228,279, 281, 2~4 138, qQ, 264,177,288-9,294,298 DilW (lVhl h,) 32,286, 29"- Des<lllo (East Tucanoan, TUGl!loan) 60,120,175, Caddoan languages 56,59,291 265,267,294-6,311- 12 Capanawa (I'anoan) 46 DicgllCil0 (Yu111an) 83,182,193,257,273,284, Carib languages 3il2 see '1/S0 jamul Tiipay Cashibo (I'anoan) 32 Diyari (Australian) .15-6,154,193,200, }86 Caucasian language~ 17, 2S, 112, 277,316 Dogon (Niger-Congo) 114 Cavine11a (Tacanan) 250 Donno S:\ (Dogoll, Niger-Congo) 1}3 Central Pomo (Pomoa!)) 61,232 DLllong (Tibeto-Burman, Sino-Tibetan) 47,27-1 Central Siberian Es~imo 148,182, 5ce also Eskimo Dutch (;c,.",anic, Indo-European) 17,3S2 language Dyirb,li (Australian) 76,130-2, 149'}oo, 356 Central Tucanoan (Tucanllan) 49-50 Chad ic languages 120 East TU(Jl1oan (Tucanoan) 51-2,60,69-/0,82, Chantyal (Tibeto-Burman, Sino-Tibetan) 131 242-3,247,253-4, 263,266-7,2.74, 285, Chemehllevi (Uto-Aztecan) 51 292-- 6 ,298,325.349 Chepang (Tibeto-BlIrlllan, Sino-Tibetan) Eastern Armenian, Modern (Indo-European) 127,204 113,289,323,346,360,381, see {I/so Cheyenne (Algonquian) 291 Armenian. WeslernArmellian Cherokee (lroquoian) 26-8,41,77, 154-S, 352 Eastern (~ucbc( Cree (Algonquian) 106, s~e al;" Chinese Pidgin Russian (Creole) 8,}1, 253, 263-4, Cree 283,325,328,368 Eastern Pomo (Pomoan) 52-3,67,242,25°,253, Chimakuan language, 291 2;.6~ 263> 267 Chinankcan (Oto-!... bn~uean) 291 c\'identiJIs and other catergories 72,243-4 Chinese, lI..fandarin (51no-Tibetan) 385 eviden[ials and person 226,235, 23R Chipewyan (Athabaskan) 31 evideJ1tial~, more than once in a clause 91-':l, Choco languages 51\,1·93 103. 21H, 332 Choctaw CMuskogc,m) 96,256,350 sem'lntics of evidential., 167,170-1,174-5, Chukchi (Chukotko-Kamchatkan) 148 185, ~19 Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages 290 nsagc of cvidentials 314,321-2,358 Circassian (Northwest Caucasian) 277.293 Enets (Samo),edic, Uratic) 47-8,241,284-5 Colombian Spanish (Romance, Indo-European) Enga (Engan, P'1puan area) 32,293 111, ]41-2, 151~ 17~\ 20'5-6~ 228,324, see also Engan family (Papuan area) 32,83,293 Spanish, Colo11101<1n English (Germanic, Indo-European) 4,7-8, lO, Comanche (Uto-AztcGlll) 50,92-3.177, lIS i?, 76, 1~O-2~ 1331137, 142~ 148~ :5H~ 154~ 1-35, CopaJa Trique (Oto-Manguean) 1/ 8 ~97-9,j02,}14, 335, 337-8, 355, 357, 36u, Cora (Uto-Azleon) 57-X. 64, 177, 182, 250, 272 J8~, 3RS Cree (Algonquian) 42,157-8,278-9,314,316-1/, Eskimo language (Eskimo-Aleut) 13U, see aI,o 345-6,360, }81), ~ce aim Central Siberian Eskimo Creel Montilgnais/Nuskapi Eskimo lallguage~ (Eskimo-Aleut) °3.287 Cree/!vJontagnais/Nasbp1 (AlgQnguian) 42. Eskimo-Aleut 290 157-8, 27B-9 • .\14. )16--17, 345-6, 360, 380 Estonian, S(~lldard (Balto-hllllic, Fillilo-Ugric) Creole languages 8,368 10,33,68--9,7/, nO-I, 122,256,258,26'1, Crimean Tat;]r (Turkic) 289 270 1 277) 21"1-3 Croatian (Slavic, Indo-European) 11(),386 mirative extensions of evidentials 200, Cupeiio (UtlJ-Aztc£an) }2, 87, lR2, 21},314 },25.2W origin of cyidcntials 111, 119, 12.~, 140, Dilco-Romanian (Romance, Indll-European) 2Xl-], !9U lII, 277) 288 scm,mtics of evidcntiah 7,180,19_' Dakota (Siouan) 50, sa IIIso Lakota, Lakhota usage of evidentials 76,310 Index of languages 431 Estonian South dialects (Balto-Finnic, Hup (Makti) 60.68,72,242,259.261.273-4, Finno-Ugric) 77,111,277-8.283. see also 286-7,292, see also Hupda South Estonian dialects Bupda (Maku) 60.68,72,242,259.261.273-4, Ethiopian Plateau, languages of 132 286-7.292, see ,di" Bup Euchee (isolatel 37-8.73,249,251,275,328>340-1, 386, see (1150 Yllch i 19naciano (Arawak) 32,292 Europeanlanguages 5-7,76,148,333,355,360 India as a linguistic area 291 Even (Tungllsie) 106 IndQ-Aryan languages (Indo-European) 291 Evenki (Tungusic) 106 Indo-European language.1 ll, 18.133, 148 Iranian languag~s ll. 16, 68. 77, 112. 279, 289 Fasu (Kutubuan, Papuan area) 62-3,253,383 Irantxc (isolate) 24,71,82-3,156,232,24<-.250. Finnic languages (Fiullo-Ugric, Uralic) 99 see also Myky Finno-Ugric languages (Uralie] 28,68, 26}, 267, lroquoian 26 279, 289 Ishkashim (Iranian, Indo-European) 38,113-14 Foe (Kutubuan, Papuan area) 61-2,176,}H3 lstanbulludezmo (Jewish Spanish language; Fox (Algonquian) 109.143 Romance, Indo-European) 114 French (Romance, Indo-European) 10-n, 17, IteJmen (Chukotko-Kamchatkan) 116 106-8,134,177 lamamadi (Arawil) 292 Galmku (Gorokan, Papuan area) 139-40 ]amiltepcc Mh:tcc (Oto-1·1anguean) 182 G;llician (Romance, Indo-European) 141 Jamul Tiipay (Yuman) 83,182,193,257,273,284, Gaviao (Tupi) 32 see alsD Dicguefto Georgian (South Cauc,lsian) 11,38,77,113,204, Japanese (isolate) 10,14,81,100,122-3,128,268, 232, 264. 272, 279.324 324-5.356 German (Germanic, Indo-Eumpcan) 15,70, Jaqi 12,14-15,18,43,114.141,25°,296-7,391, 107-8, nO-H, 134-5,150 see aT.'o Aymara Germanic I~ngllagcs (Indo-European) 5 jarawara (Arawa) 23-4,26-7,29. 68, 7(),77, 130, Godoberi (Northeast Caucasian) 28,3]] 242,250.253.258,264,267 Greek (Indo-European) 150-1.272,293.296, evidential, and person 218,220-1. 2Z3-4, 234. see alsD Greek, Modern; Modern Greek 238 Greek, Modern (Indo-European) 142, evidentials, more than once in a clause 88. 15 0 - 1.382 93-5,103 Guahibo languages 32 markedness in cvidellti~ls 71-2 Guarani. Paraguayan (Tupi-Guarani, Tupf) mirative extensions of evidentials 197-8,207 32 ,292 origin of evidcntials 275,292 Cur languages (Niger-Congo) 32 semantics of evidentials 23-4,154,156,158 Gypsy languages, see Romani subsystems u[ evidentials 84-5 usage of evidentials in discourse 308-9>311. Hakha Lai (Tibeto-Burman. Sino-Tibetanl 275 326-7,334.341, 345. 360. 380 Hare (Athabaskan) 31,204,222 Je langllage~ 382 Hatti (isolate) 290 j[varo langnages 137 Hebrew (Semitic.Afroasiatic) 10 Jinghpilw (Tibeto-Burman, 5ino-Tibetan) 178 Hill Patwin (Wintun) 176,277,284.