City and Region of Rayy in Iran Exploration of a Cultural Landscape, its Endangerment and Development of a Concept for its Conservation Inaugural-Dissertation in der Fakultät Geistes- und Kulturwissenschaften der Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg Band I: Text vorgelegt von Siavash Doroodian aus Teheran- IRAN Bamberg, den 14.04.2015 City and Region of Rayy in Iran. 2 Exploration of a Cultural Landscape, its Endangerment and Development of a Concept for its Conservation ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Tage der mündlichen Prüfung: 29.06.2015 Dekan: Universitätsprofessor Prof. Dr. Heidrun Alzheimer Erstgutachter: Universitätsprofessor Prof. Dr. Ing. Rainer Drewello Zweitgutachter: Universitätsprofessor Prof. Dr. Lorenz Korn City and Region of Rayy in Iran. 3 Exploration of a Cultural Landscape, its Endangerment and Development of a Concept for its Conservation ____________________________________________________________________________________________ تقدیم به مادرم To My Mother City and Region of Rayy in Iran. 4 Exploration of a Cultural Landscape, its Endangerment and Development of a Concept for its Conservation ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Content Nota bene: ........................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 1 - The Research in General .................................................................................. 12 1.1 Introduction: The Different Sections of the Thesis ............................................................13 1.2 Subject Definition .............................................................................................................13 1.3 Research Record and its Necessities ..............................................................................15 1.4 Research Difficulties, Purposes and Outcomes ...............................................................17 1.5 Research Methodology ....................................................................................................18 Chapter 2 - Theoretical Principles and Recognition of Basic Concepts .................................. 20 2.1 Basic Definition 1: Cultural Heritage ................................................................................21 2.2 Definition of Cultural Landscape ......................................................................................22 2.3 Definition of Cultural Landscape in Europe vs. in the Iranian Law ....................................29 2.4 Formation and Elements of Cultural Landscapes .............................................................31 2.5 The Concept of the Buffer Zone .......................................................................................34 Chapter 3 - Identifying the Region........................................................................................ 37 3.1 General Geographic Location and Climate of the Rayy Area ...........................................38 City and Region of Rayy in Iran. 5 Exploration of a Cultural Landscape, its Endangerment and Development of a Concept for its Conservation ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.2 Geostrategic Importance of Rayy ....................................................................................43 3.3 The Relation of Rayy to the Provincial Order of Iran in History ........................................46 3.4 Rayy’s General History ....................................................................................................48 3.4.1 From the Beginning of Civilization to the Arab Conquest ...........................................49 3.4.2 The Conquest of Rayy by the Arab Army ..................................................................51 3.4.3 Rebellions Against Arab-Islamic Rule ........................................................................53 3.4.4 Rayy During the ʽAbbāsid Period ...............................................................................54 3.4.5 The Mongol Attack ....................................................................................................60 3.4.6 The Safavid Era ........................................................................................................68 3.4.7 The Qajar Dynasty ....................................................................................................69 3.4.8 The Pahlavi Dynasty .................................................................................................71 3.5 Regions Belonging to Rayy..............................................................................................72 3.5.1 Before Islam ..............................................................................................................72 3.5.2 During the Islamic period ...........................................................................................73 3.6 Historic Replacement of Rayy’s Location .........................................................................76 3.6.1 Location of Rayy from the Pre-Islamic Era to the Mongol attack ................................77 3.6.2 The Model of Rayy’s Development from the Safavid Era to the Modern Period .........82 City and Region of Rayy in Iran. 6 Exploration of a Cultural Landscape, its Endangerment and Development of a Concept for its Conservation ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.7 Evaluation and Analysis of the City Structure since 1342š/1963 ......................................83 3.7.1 Structural Specifications ............................................................................................83 3.7.2 Functional Specifications ...........................................................................................85 3.7.3 Spatial and Visual Specifications ...............................................................................86 3.7.4 Coordination of Form and Activities ...........................................................................86 Chapter 4 - Rayy's Cultural Landscape - Natural and Cultural Layers .................................... 88 4.1 Natural Layer ...................................................................................................................89 4.1.1 Rayy’s Mountains ......................................................................................................89 4.1.2 Natural Resours of Water in Rayy .............................................................................90 4.1.3 Soil of Rayy ...............................................................................................................97 4.1.4 Flora Situation - Specific Plant Species .....................................................................97 4.1.5 Fauna Situation - Animal Species ........................................................................... 100 4.1.6 Climate in Rayy in Historic Sources......................................................................... 102 4.1.7 Mining ..................................................................................................................... 103 4.2 Intangible Cultural Layer ................................................................................................ 105 4.2.1 Religion ................................................................................................................... 105 4.2.2 Pilgrimage and Sightseeing ..................................................................................... 116 4.2.3 Commerce .............................................................................................................. 125 City and Region of Rayy in Iran. 7 Exploration of a Cultural Landscape, its Endangerment and Development of a Concept for its Conservation ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.2.4 Rayy’s Special Weights and Measures ................................................................... 127 4.2.5 Literature and Scholarly Works from Rayy .............................................................. 128 4.3 Tangible Cultural Layer .................................................................................................. 131 4.3.1 Handicrafts .............................................................................................................. 131 4.3.2 Various Kinds of Buildings in Rayy .......................................................................... 143 4.3.3 Pre-historic Settlement of Češme ʽAli ...................................................................... 197 4.3.4 Qajar Gardens in Rayy ............................................................................................ 199 4.3.5 Historic Roads of Rayy ............................................................................................ 207 4.3.6 Rock Reliefs ............................................................................................................ 220 4.3.7 Cemeteries of Rayy ................................................................................................. 226 4.3.8 Coins minted in Rayy .............................................................................................. 227 4.3.9 Agricultural and Dairy Products ............................................................................... 228 Chapter 5 - Damage Report .............................................................................................