Afghan Opiate Trade and Africa- A Baseline Assessment (Working title) February 2016 PREFACE TO THE PRE-PUBLICATION DRAFT Enhancing the knowledge on patterns and trends of the Afghan opiate trade remains an important area for the Afghan Opiate Trade Project (AOTP) (GLOV20). AOTP has released several project reports such as The Global Afghan Opium Trade (2011), The Afghan opiate trade through the Southern Route (2015) on the flow of Afghan opiates in which the findings identified the need for a further study focusing on opiate trafficking to and through Africa. The objective is to enhance knowledge on trafficking of Afghan opiates from Afghanistan, through the Southern Route, to the African Continent and further trafficking from Africa to Europe. Afghan Opiate Trade and Africa- a baseline assessment involves the study of opiate trafficking through the Southern Route to Africa. It includes an analysis of the latest available statistical data and trends regarding the illicit trafficking of opiate, the trafficking modus operandi and beneficiaries to Africa. The majority of data used in the report was obtained from the UNODC’s Drugs-Monitoring Platform (a joint AOTP & Paris Pact Initiative), the Annual Response Questionnaires (ARQ), submitted by Member States on an annual basis, and the Individual Drug Seizure (IDS) database. Unless specified otherwise, data in this document considers only those cases where information for all required parameters (such as departure country / destination country / method of transport) was available. The present document containsstatistical material that will be used for the preparation of the Afghan Opiate Trade and Africa – A baseline assessment report. Member States are encouraged to review the statistical material contained in this pre-publication document and forward any comments to the UNODC. Only comments received by 26- January- 2016 will be taken into account for the finalisation of the report, which is scheduled to be published in February 2016. This document is to be used exclusively for review by Member States and is not for quotation or dissemination. Please send comments to: Statistics and Surveys Section UNODC, Vienna International Centre P.O. Box 500 A-1400 Vienna, Austria E-Mail: [email protected] 1 Explanatory Notes This report has been produced without formal editing. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The names of territories and administrative areas are in italics. Countries and areas are referred to by the names that were in official use at the time the relevant data were collected. The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on maps do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Dashed lines represent undetermined boundaries. Dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties. The final boundary between the Sudan and South Sudan has not yet been determined. 2 Contents PREFACE TO THE PRE-PUBLICATION DRAFT .............................................................. 1 Explanatory Notes ..................................................................................................... 2 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 6 2. Opiate trafficking to and through Africa ............................................................. 9 2.1. Eastern Africa ..................................................................................................................................17 2.2. West and Central Africa ...................................................................................................................23 2.2.1. Other countries in West and Central Africa ..............................................................................25 2.3. Northern Africa ...............................................................................................................................26 3. Impact and challenges ....................................................................................... 33 3 Glossary AA Acetic Anhydride AGE Anti-Government Element AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AND Anti-Narcotic Department, Jordan ANSF Afghanistan’s National Security Force ANF Anti Narcotics Forces, Pakistan AOTP Afghan Opiate Trade Project ARQ Annual Report Questionnaire AFTA Asia Free Trade Area APTA Asia Pacific Trade Agreement ATS Amphetamine-Type Stimulants BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BKA Bundeskriminalamt, Germany CARICC Central Asian Regional Information and Coordination Centre CCP UNODC Global Container Control Programme CEN Customs Enforcement Network CEWG Community Epidemiology Work Group CID Central Investigation Department, Nigeria CMF Combined Maritime Forces CNP Cuerpo Nacional de Policia, Spain CNPA Counter Narcotics Police of Afghanistan COAFG UNODC Country Office for Afghanistan DEA Drug Enforcement Administration, United States of America DELTA Database on Estimates and Long Term Trend Analysis GBP British Pound Sterling GDP Gross Domestic Product DMP Drugs Monitoring Platform GCC Gulf Cooperation Council EMCDDA European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction EU European Union EUROPOL European Police Office FC Frontier Corps, Pakistan gm Grams ha Hectares HDI Human Development Index HIV Human immunodeficiency virus 4 I.R. Islamic Republic IDS Individual Drug Seizures IDU Injecting drug use INCB International Narcotics Control Board INSCR International Narcotics Control Strategy Report INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization ISAF International Security Assistance Force kg Kilograms km Kilometres mt Metric ton MCN Ministry of Counter Narcotics, Afghanistan MAR-INFO An information system executed by the EU Council Customs Working Party MOI Ministry of Interior No. Number NCA National Crime Agency, United Kingdom NCB Narcotics Control Bureau, India NDLEA National Drug Law Enforcement Agency, Nigeria PDR People’s Democratic Republic RCMP Royal Canadian Mounted Police RILO Regional Intelligence Liaison Office ROSA Regional Office for South Asia ROSEN Regional Office for West and Central Africa S.A.R Special Administrative Region SAFTA South Asian Free Trade Area SOCA Serious Organised Crime Agency TTP Tehreek-e-Taliban-e-Pakistan UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNDSS United Nations Department of Safety and Security UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime USD U.S. dollar WCO World Customs Organization ZKA Zollkriminalamt 5 1. Introduction Map 1: Indicative Afghan heroin trafficking routes Source: UNODC elaboration, based on seizure data from Drug Monitoring Platform (DMP), Individual Drug Seizures (IDS) and Annual Report Questionnaires (ARQ), supplemented by national government reports and other official reports. 6 Map 2: Member states in Africa that provided annual reports questionnaire drug supply data for 2013 Source: UNODC, based on responses to Annual Report Questionnaire (2013) and supplemented by national government reports and other official reports, World Drug Report 2015 7 Map 3: Opium cultivation in Afghanistan, 2014 Source: Afghanistan Opium Survey 2014, UNODC Figure 1: Seizures of opium, morphine and heroin in Afghanistan 2004-2013 Source: UNODC Annual Report Questionnaire (ARQ) and Database on Estimates and Long-term Trend Analysis (DELTA) 8 2. Opiate trafficking to and through Africa Map 4: Reported heroin seizures in Africa (2009-2013) Source: UNODC, based on drug seizure data from Drug Monitoring Platform (DMP), Individual Drug Seizures (IDS) and Annual Report Questionnaire (ARQ), supplemented by national government reports and other official reports 9 Figure 2: Overview of opiate users in Africa 1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 thousands) 600 400 200 Number of opiate users (in hundredusers ofopiate Number 0 East Africa North Africa Southern Africa West and Central United States of Africa America Source: World Drug Report, UNODC (2015) Figure 3: Quantity of heroin seized in Africa 2003-2013 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 Quantity of heroin seized (kilograms) seized heroin of Quantity 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 East Africa West and Central Africa Africa (total) Source: UNODC Annual Report Questionnaire (ARQ) and Database on Estimates and Long-term Trend Analysis (DELTA) supplemented by national government reports and other official reports 10 Image 1: Seizure of 981 kg of heroin off the eastern coast of Africa in June 2015 (Left) One of the dhows boarded by CMF. (Right) Seized drugs prior to being destroyed. Source: Combined Maritime Forces Figure 4: Laboratories Seized in South Africa (2005-2010) 50 40 30 20 10 0 Number of Laboratoriesof Number 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Methcathinone Methamphetamine 11 Map 5: Prevalence of opioid use in Africa Source: World Drug Report 2015 12 Figure 5: Distribution of opiate users in the main markets of the Western and Central Europe, 2013 France 18% 26% Germany 10% Italy UK 16% 30% Rest of West and Central Europe Source: ARQs; Government data (United Kingdom); UNODC World Drug Report 2015 Figure 6: Departure regions for