Durham E-Theses The Manor of Cumwhitton Cumberland: a study in historical geography Charnley H. J, How to cite: Charnley H. J, (1973) The Manor of Cumwhitton Cumberland: a study in historical geography, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10022/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk THE MATOR OP CtMnJHITTON CUMBERLAND: A STUDY IN HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY VOLUME II VOLUME II Contents Page List of illustrations i List of plates ii List of appendices 33 Reproduction of part of 1603 Field Book 34 Bibliography - Primary and Secondary 53 1 LIST OE FIGURES 1:1 Curov/hition in the Barony of Gilsland 1 2:1 Cxurwhitton Manor in 1603 3 ?:2 Oumwhition - the physical landscape 4 2:3 A survey of soil texture in Cumwhitton manor 5 2:4 Settlement and improved land 1603 e 3:1 Settlement in 1772 7 3:2 Population dynamics in Cumwhitton parish I69I-I83O 8 4:1 Settlement in southern Gilsland. • \q 4:2 Morphology of selected settlements in Gilsland I863 n 4:3i) .Cumwhitton village 1840 , 12 ii) Cumwhitton village 1603 12 5:1 Cumrew and Newbiggin I6O3 14- 5:2 Sector key for Cumwhitton village 15 5:3 Consolidation of farm units in Cumwhitton 1603 16 [)•./'. Sector 2 in Cumwhitton village - fragmentation 17 6:1 Enclosure of the commons in Cumwhitton manor 1801 ]_g 6:2 Enclosure land allocation 15 6:3 Land transactions in Cumwhitton 1603-1832 ici 6:4 Enclosure of King Harry Common 20 6:5 A system of linkages related to the enclosure process in Cumwhittcn 6:6 The estate expansion by the "opportunists" in Cumwhittcn 22 7:1 The distribution of stonehouses in Cumwhitton 1603 25 7:2 Cliarao L crist i cs of the Cumbrian farmstead 25 7: 3 Cumwh j tton village - name elements 27 7:4 Land-use in Cumwhitton village 1603 28 'I: j Open field reconstruction at Hornsby and Moor-tbvra.ito 1828 2 v, '/:6 The structure of seventeenth century farming in Cumwbitton manor 30 7:7 flightcontb century farming in Cumwhitton y, '(: "> '?}•<• procors of dissection in the landscape of Cumwhitton yp LJi'iT Oi'' PhATES Pa^o I. Ouinwhi t bCDi 1.60'] 2 Cu.rowliiU.on l82o, a. reproduction of Bowman's survey 9 3. Oumwhitton village and Cumwhitton Beck from the north west 13 ']. Nunfield farm - phauo 1 and phase 2 23 3. A cottage in Hornshy village 23 6. Cumwhitton village, north western row 24 7. A "long" fa.rmhouse in Cumwhitton village 24 PIG. 1:1 Curnwhitton in the Barony of Gilsland 1 CUMWHITTON IN THE BARONY OF GILSLAND N SPADEADAM +Brampton Hayton Carlisle Cumwhitton FOREST OF GELTSDALE land over 750 miles PLATE 1 Cumwhitton 1603 iff ^mk l I '/J • J I •IS .- 1 5 i • •- N r \ 1 1 "V 1 ."J \ 1 1 / PIG. 2:1 Ctimwhitton Manor in 1603 CUMWHITTON 1603 C n rnbngknoll Of / / (to COMMON ^1 nl a nd« V T«rn» TANRIGGE Moretoot* Tern bank Scarr Fell end Orm*sby The common more KING Nether Norsk HENRIF Over A copy ol map 713/10 the Howard of Naworth collect Dept of Pal . Dip Durham KEY bui Id i ng ~J one re -/ boundary enclosed boundary ops 00 acres routeways r (vers manor boundaries 1 miles Waimersyke PIG. 2:2 Cumwhitton - the physical landscape \ CUMWHITTON / THE PHYSICAL LANDSCAPE i 1 r p N <3 v / <-00 ? i P J r \ \ o o v w r a, i r \ r \\ fa P. \ \ 7 \ k \ \ \ nr \ r f~J psot moss contours at SO 00 ifittrvv/M PIG. 2:3 urvey of soil texture in Cumwhitton manor SURVEY OF SOIL TEXTURE (after Wood) No data available £3 peaty sand pq Peat ["•"] light sand p-"^ loamy sand p=| light loam heavy loam miles FFR clay i''!G. 2:4 u and improved land 1603 SETTLEMENT IMPROVED LAND 1603 |^ i improved land meadow Fl moorland II pasture O miles to be viewed in conjunction with Figs 22 + 23 FIG. 3:1 SeVllemont in 1772 (based on Thomas Ramshay's survey) SETTLEMENT in 1772 .1 / Rani I yf o ot MorleyhMI Whitehead II Slo t head1 • Whntef ield Ho rnsbygate F ouI poo I Fa Ho rns by * Fieldhead Gate Bat es h aw Hill B urban k From Thomos Rams hay's p of the Baron y ot Gilsland number 272 Dept. ot Pal.* Di p. Durham • Stoneygap farms created bet w e e 1603 and 177 are amed the limits ot improved land are illustrated y mi [es FIG. 3:2 Population dynamics in Cumwhitton parish I69I-I83O i 1691 1701 1711 1721 O 1731 1741 1751 1761 1771 1781 1791 l 1801 1811 1821 < PLATE 2 Cumwhitton 1828, a reproduction of Bowman's Survey BOWMAN S SURVEY 1828 .1 • * -r' ft* '•6k, =1 is &4! s 4» *9 «0 4 7 v ft 0 *3 r 7 / t 4c 1 877 I* if*., 2 X.* * f i i 7 Si V, %:tk Qc-M* \ 1" X "J I*- • additional farms 1?>40 miles FIG. 4:1 ement in southern Gilsland 10 SETTLEMENT IN SOUTHERN GILSLAND ^^^^ Brampton r I < I II i U1 -1 © .o 1 w KEY MORPHOLOGY two row green village • irregular cluster with green without deserted village possible site n village, broad rectangular green PIG. 4:2 Morphology of selected settlements in Gilsland I863 SETTLEMENT MORPHOLOGY 1863 (from 1st ed O.S.) Ha y ton N Lav e rs da Ie 1 \ Castle Cnrrock New bi qain Cum r ew 1 o miles PIG. 4:3 i) Cumv/bitton village 1840 ii) Cumwhitton village 1603 CUMWHITTON 1840 / (•from the Tithe Survey) 1>» \ 10 Cham* CUMWHITTON 1603 PLATE .3 Cumwhitt Oil V1 J_ J_ CI £T G and Cumwhitton Beck from the nortb west 13 r t PIG. .5:1 Cumrew and Newtiiggin 1603 from the seventeenth century map collection 1.A CUM REW and NEWBIGG I N 1603 \ 1 .IS: CP J-7 a copy of the 1603 Survey the furlongs are numbered FIG. 5:2 Sector Key for Cumwbitton village CM LU 10 DC 111 FIG. 5:3 The consolidation of farm-units in Cumwhitton 1603 if. FLG. 5:4 Sector 2 in Cumwhitton village - fragmentation 17 SECTOR 2 FRAGMENTATION / 1 i ""''mil i KEY LAND COTTAGE LANDOWNER EZZZ J EARLE O J WELLER • R WATSON CHI B A RE A 1 11 II B \ 1 1 11 C PERSON t_±J B R WILSON D 8 Ml LBURN B no land E ATKINSON T BU R T HO ME a E RE A 1=1 shared grass J, 0 2 I I miles FIG. 5:1 closure of the commons in Cumwhitton manor, 1801 18 i ENCLOSURE laoi N \ onei • ft t r/ie/OK/rri rn /OS* milt* FIG. 6:2 Enclosure, land allocation FIG. 6:3 Land transactions in Cumwhitton 1603-1832 ENCLOSURE > Nunfield land allocation. ui50 UJ Hoorthwai tc ui o: 40 0. umwh tt ton (9 Ca i rnbrinpriqg ik n ol I UJ °20 Northsceug h's Ho r n s by T E NANT S shares by settlement Transaction information derived from Fine Books 2Q 15 Estates exchanged by sale 10 • • > 1 • ' 1 ' 1 • 1 1 ' 1 ' 1 |L 1600 1700 1800 -T I M E" • [cottages sold] PIG. 6:4 Enclosure of King Harry Common ENCLOSURE^ XAND ALLOCATION ON V-KING HARRY COMMON. KEY Cumwhitton tenants Cumrew [•I Ainstable | • | Newbiggin 771 Glebe land acreage received in proportion! to stints on the common. 9 . b, milas PIG. 6:5 A system cf linkages related to the process of enclosure in Cumwhitton 91 u J. in a c >- E O «- a c a> C X) V) c 9) o • t_ * £ ^ a a 3 cn <» c —>t7» O cn a u 3 o —I C C c o a i_ 3 -»-> • O - W "-a o- 10 o o z ch a> O O ? * c o. O 41 «1 O 3 a» o o c c E - o« o at a» X3 c o (A Ui <0 cr 2 — UJ • C* £ z> uj o c O a» a> ? 2 E_ On o cn c E *° 2. t.« at 5°^ a ~ O a a> V) 1 c a> c .2 2 a* o in a a> — c i= E D -Q •+-» c a O c_ • o >s 0) o jc a o a. o * w c C a* E ^3 a E .E o en — PIG. 6:6 Estate expansion by the "opportunists" in Cumwhitton 1800 1500 40 BO 120 1600 acres 1600 acres LEECH FISHER 1800-- 18U0- 160 0- acres 1600 acres BLACKLOCK H EWITSON PLATE 4 Nunfield Farm The single storey structure in the foreground represents the eldest dated farmhouse within the manor. The date 1697 is inscribed above the doorway. PLATE 5 A 1 batched cottage in Hornsby village 23 3 PLATE 6 Cvmwbition village, North Western row, illustrating the late Georgian farmhouse which characterizes this row.