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Maestre-Valero, Spain Martin Wiesmeier, Germany Adele Finco, Italy Silvano Mignardi, Italy Wen-Gui Yan, USA Wolfgang Friedt, Germany Martin Nyachoti, Canada Haishun Yang, USA Zhi-feng Gao, USA Jairo A. Palta, Australia Bing Yang, USA Matthew Gorton, UK L. S. Pereira, Portugal John Z. Yu, USA Manje Gowda, Germany Dragan Perovic, Germany Xiaohua Yu, Germany David B. Hannaway, USA Daniel Plaza-Bonilla, Spain Xiao-Qiang Yu, USA Jerry L. Hatfield, USA Ruijun Qin, USA Xiaoxian Zhang, UK Thomas Herzfeld, Germany Daniel Rodriguez, Australia Yunde Zhao, USA Jean-François Hocquette, France Scott Rozelle, USA Chen Zhong, Singapore Gerrit Hoogenboom, USA Amir Sadeghpour, USA Kun Yan Zhu, USA Yinghua Huang, USA A. Z. M. Salem, Mexico Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2016, 15(7): 1584–1594 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect RESEARCH ARTICLE Tracking domestic ducks: A novel approach for documenting poultry market chains in the context of avian influenza transmission Chang-Yong Choi1, 2, John Y Takekawa2, 3, XIONG Yue4, LIU Ying4, Martin Wikelski5, 6, George Heine6, Diann J Prosser7, Scott H Newman8, John Edwards9, 10, Fusheng Guo9, Xiangming Xiao1, 11 1 Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Center for Spatial Analysis, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA 2 Western Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA 3 National Audubon Society, San Francisco, CA 94104, USA 4 Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, P.R.China 5 Department of Migration and Immuno-Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Radolfzell D-78315, Germany 6 Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz D-78457, Germany 7 Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA 8 Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD) Vietnam Office, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam 9 Emergency Center for Transboundary Animal Diseases (ECTAD) China Office, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Beijing 100600, P.R.China 10 Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia 11 Institute of Biodiversity Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R.China Abstract Agro-ecological conditions associated with the spread and persistence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) are not well understood, but the trade of live poultry is suspected to be a major pathway. Although market chains of live bird trade have been studied through indirect means including interviews and questionnaires, direct methods have not been used to identify movements of individual poultry. To bridge the knowledge gap on quantitative movement and transportation of poultry, we introduced a novel approach for applying telemetry to document domestic duck movements from source farms at Poyang Lake, China. We deployed recently developed transmitters that record Global Positioning System (GPS) locations and send them through the Groupe Spécial Mobile (GSM) cellular telephone system. For the first time, we were able to track individually marked ducks from 3 to 396 km from their origin to other farms, distribution facilities, or live bird markets. Our proof of concept test showed that the use of GPS-GSM transmitters may provide di- rect, quantitative information to document the movement of poultry and reveal their market chains. Our findings provide an initial indication of the complexity of source-market network connectivity and highlight the great potential for future Received 30 June, 2015 Accepted 4 January, 2016 Chang-Yong Choi, E-mail: [email protected]; Correspondence Xiangming Xiao, Tel: +1-405-3258941, E-mail: [email protected] © 2016, CAAS.