FOCUS 15 Essays Streets are Not Enough: The Introverted Block as a Neglected Type Ivor Samuels Anna Agata Kantarek Architect, MSc, MRTPI; Architect, DSc, PhD; Ass. Professor, Faculty of Urban Morphology Research Group, School of Architecture, Cracow University of Technology. Geography, University of Birmingham. Modernism in planning and urban design led to the erosion of the traditional city's morphology. Samuels and Kantarek use the plan for Nowa Huta, a 1949 new town near Krakow, to point out the problems related to the introvert block, particularly walkability, connectivity, and the lack of direct entrances to the residences from the street. The introvert block type evolved into present-day gated communities. his essay discusses the frst phases of Nowa Huta, a Polish widespread between the two world wars, has been largely Tnew town started in 1949, parts of which are now ofcially ignored in the literature on the evolution of urban form over conserved and much admired, including by the New Urban- the last century. Presumably, this was because it did not ft the ists. Although celebrated for its propaganda value at the time modernist orthodoxy. Its antecedents and successors are then of building in the 1950s and later for its role in the fall of the discussed, from medieval monasteries to contemporary gated communist regime in the late 1980s, both of which have been communities. described in English, such as by Lebow (2013), there is a limited amount of material available about its urban form. Nowa Huta New Town Nowa Huta has even been ignored in Polish books of the last Nowa Huta is located ten kilometres (6.2 miles) from the cen- century since it did not ft into the dominant modernist can- ter of the medieval city of Krakow which was the capital of Po- on. For example, a book published in English to celebrate the land until the sixteenth century (Figure 1). Part of a post World achievement of modern Polish architecture ignores the earlier War II programme to urbanise a mostly rural population, it neighbourhoods of the new town, and only includes Nowa was constructed to house the workers of the enormous Lenin Huta’s later prefabricated tower blocks (Lisowski, 1968). Of par- Steelworks (now called the Sendzimir Steelworks and owned ticular interest is its earlier housing of a type which, although by the multinational Arcelor Mittal) whose site covers an area Figure 1: Nowa Huta is located a little over six miles from Krakow's old center. Nowa Huta 74 ■ Essays ■ FOCUS 15 more extensive than the total area of early twentieth century open space in the interior of each block (Figure 2). However, Krakow. It is an example of the heavy industrial plants and their there is a similar recognition of the importance of the neigh- associated new settlements which were built in several Central bourhood unit, or its Soviet equivalent, the micro district, as and Eastern European countries during the post-war period an efective way of organising a settlement, so that shared fa- of Soviet domination. Dunaujvaros in Hungary and Eisenhut- cilities such as schools and playgrounds are easily accessible tenstadt (originally named Stalinstadt) in Germany are other to all the inhabitants. At Nowa Huta, these are located inside examples (Jaglo, 2013). the perimeter blocks defned by the apartments, together with some other housing blocks. The new town was built on land where human settlements had been long-established and, in addition to preserved monu- The style of the buildings is a variation of Communist Social ment such as monasteries, traces of the old villages can still be Realism which incorporates variations of classical details such found, if only in the names of some of the new housing areas. as pilasters and pediments. Particularly noteworthy are the Construction began in 1950, and the intention was to create a entrance arrangements to the staircases and lifts to the apart- city of 100,000 inhabitants adjacent to the factory that started ments. They are all accessed from the interior of the block so operating in 1954. that there are no doors on the streets (Figures 3 & 4). This char- acteristic will be discussed further below. The site is on a plateau 14 metres (46 feet) above the scarp of the River Vistula, and the central space (now renamed as A fctional and dramatic account of the building of the new Ronald Reagan Square) overlooks the valley giving extensive proletarian city is to be found in the 1977 flm directed by An- views across the countryside with a panorama of the Tatra dre Wajda, Man of Marble, in which a bricklayer working on the Mountains on clear days. This space, crossed by the main road new town is the main character. The fact that it should become and tram line from central Krakow, is also the focus of the three the setting of a highly acclaimed motion picture indicates the main streets which radiate outwards to form a neo-baroque cultural signifcance of the building of Nowa Huta. plan resembling the plans of such early twentieth century British new settlements such as Hampstead Garden Suburb or Nowa Huta as New Urbanism Welwyn Garden City. The later stages of Nowa Huta replaced the earlier masonry In other respects, Nowa Huta is very diferent from its contem- structures by more modern building technology using precast porary British New towns such as Stevenage or Harlow. Instead elements with more extensive landscaped spaces between the of a garden city mainly comprised of two storey row houses free-standing apartment blocks which were unrelated to the with private gardens, the frst phase consists of four to seven surrounding street network. They were similar to modernist storey apartment blocks alongside the streets with shared mass housing built in other parts of European countries. The team led by Tadeusz Ptaszycki, authors of “Old Nowa Huta” Figure 2: Neighborhood around central Nowa Huta. FOCUS 15 ■ Samuels & Kantarek: The Introverted Block as a Neglected Type ■ 75 Figure 3: All the entrances to the apartments in Nowa Huta are Figure 4: Nowa Huta street frontage without any entrances. reached from the inside of the block not from the street. —the new town plan frst stage, did not have much design erence is made below to the criteria that are directly relevant practice experience and based the concept on the knowledge to a new town or a district of a metropolitan area, and to hous- acquired during their studies, although their model could have ing in detail. The regional scale, the subject of the frst section been Russian new town Magnitogorsk. In 2004 Old Nowa Huta, of the Charter, was not considered as appropriate to the case the subject of this essay, was listed in the Register of Historic of Nowa Huta. The way the original project has been modifed Monuments by the Malopolska Voivodship Monuments Con- since its initial implementation is also noted in the following servator ((Małopolska Voivodeship, 2004): discussion. Of course, all the principles are linked and, when these connections are apparent, the principles have been con- “The urban layout of Nowa Huta district in Krakow, as a sidered together (Kantarek & Samuels, 2017). representative example of the urbanism of socialist real- ism in Poland. The subject of the protection is the urban Walkability and Connectivity layout, i.e. the layout of streets, squares, green areas, the location of blocks and dimensions of the buildings, archi- Almost all the entrances to the staircases and elevators are ori- tectural and landscape enclosures, the composition of ented towards the internal common space of the blocks, that greenery ”. is on the back of the buildings concerning the street facades. With a few exceptions, there are no entrances on the street It was to this frst stage of Nowa Huta that Elizabeth Plater Zy- side. Therefore, streets cannot be considered very pedestrian berk, a doyenne of the New Urbanism movement in the US, at friendly, and this confguration reinforces the inhabitants’ iden- a conference in Krakow referred to by declaring that: tity with the urban block rather than the rest of the town via “… you have excellent examples of modern town build- the street network. Furthermore, postal addresses are set by ing here in Poland. I was happy to hear that Nowa Huta urban block number rather than street address further reduc- is being rehabilitated in the literature. It is a remarkable ing the residents’ identifcation with the street. achievement with a highly characteristic sense of place, Although the streets are such an important element of the connected to the city of Krakow by transit, and exhibiting plan, it is doubtful whether they can be considered as com- so many of the principles of good urbanism. So you have parable with those of a traditional layout, where the entrances beautiful models, in your distant history but also in the to the dwellings act as the interface between the public and more recent history of planning.” (Plater Zyberk 2015). private realms. From its neglect in the 1960s when urbanists were exhorted There is a high degree of connectivity within the semi-private by Le Corbusier to destroy the corridor street, the rediscovery space of the urban blocks, and the confguration of the wide of the virtues of the street in the last two decades has resulted and straight main streets makes the development very leg- in this revaluation of the virtues of Old Nowa Huta. In order to ible. However, with no trafc calming measures, high vehicle ascertain the extent to which it fulfls the principles set out in the Charter of the New Urbanism, we carried out a short as- 1 See the Charter of the New Urbanism at: www.newurbanism.org/ 1 sessment of its characteristics in regards to those criteria.