NT O ME F J T US U.S. Department of Justice R T A P IC E E D B O Office of Justice Programs J C S F A V M F O A I N C I S R E J BJ G O OJJ DP O F PR Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention JUSTICE ES • BALANCED APPROACH • FAMILY STREENGTHENING • COMMU MENT G • IMMEDIATEuide for INTERVENTION • PROMIISSING PROGRAMS • EFFE AMS • PEER GROUPS • CRIME REDUCTION • JUVENILE JUSTICE SYST UENCY PREVENTION • GRADUATED SANCTIONS • RISK ASSESSMENT FICATIONImplementing • RISK FACTORS the• PROTECTIVE FACTORS • CONTINUUM ES • BALANCED APPROACH • FAMILY STRENGTHENING • COMMU MENTComprehensive • IMMEDIATE INTERVENTION • PROMIISSING PROGRAMS • EFFE AMS • PEER GROUPS • CRIME REDUCTION • JUVENILE JUSTICE SYST UENCYStrategy PREVENTION for • GRADUATED SANCTIONS • RISK ASSESSMENT FICATION • RISK FACTORS • PROTECTIVE FACTORS • CONTINUUM ES • Serious, BALANCED APPROACHViolent, • andFAMILY STRENGTHENING • COMMU MENT • IMMEDIATE INTERVENTION • PROMIISSING PROGRAMS • EFFE ENT OF TM JU R S A T P IC E E D • B O JUVENILEJ C S JUSTICE SYST F A V M F O A I N Chronic Juvenile C I S R • • E J J G B O O AMS PEER GROUPS CRIME REDUCTION O JJ DP R F P JUSTICE UENCY PREVENTION • GRADUATED SANCTIONS • RISK ASSESSMENT FICATIONOffenders • RISK FACTORS • PROTECTIVE FACTORS • CONTINUUM ES • BALANCED APPROACH • FAMILY STRENGTHENING • COMMU MENT • IMMEDIATE INTERVENTION • PROMIISSING PROGRAMS • EFFE AMS • PEER GROUPS • CRIME REDUCTION • JUVENILE JUSTICE SYST UENCY PREVENTION • GRADUATED SANCTIONS • RISK ASSESSMENT FICATION • RISK FACTORS • PROTECTIVE FACTORS • CONTINUUM ES • BALANCED APPROACH • FAMILY STRENGTHENING • COMMU MENT • IMMEDIATE INTERVENTION • PROMIISSING PROGRAMS • EFFE AMS • PEER GROUPS • CRIME REDUCTION • JUVENILE JUSTICE SYST UENCY PREVENTION • GRADUATED SANCTIONS • RISK ASSESSMENT FICATION • RISK FACTORS • PROTECTIVE FACTORS • CONTINUUM ES • BALANCED APPROACH • FAMILY STRENGTHENING • COMMU MENT • IMMEDIATE INTERVENTION • PROMIISSING PROGRAMS • EFFE AMS • PEER GROUPS • CRIME REDUCTION • JUVENILE JUSTICE SYST UENCY PREVENTION • GRADUATED SANCTIONS • RISK ASSESSMENT FICATION • RISK FACTORS • PROTECTIVE FACTORS • CONTINUUM ES • BALANCED APPROACH • FAMILY STRENGTHENING • COMMU ISING PROGRAMS EFFE Guide for Implementing the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders National Council on Crime and Developmental Research and Delinquency Programs, Inc. Barry Krisberg J. David Hawkins David Onek Richard F. Catalano Richard Wiebush Devon D. Brewer Elliott Currie Holly J. Neckerman Christopher Baird Sherry Wong Greg Pearce Pat Chappell Editor James C. Howell, Director Research and Program Development Division Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Shay Bilchik, Administrator Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention May 1995 i The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the Bureau of Justice Assistance, the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the National Institute of Justice, and the Office for Victims of Crime. ii Table of Contents List of Figures and Tables ................................................................................................................................ viii Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................................ ix Preface ................................................................................................................................................................................. xi Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................................... xiii Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Arrest Trends ..................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Victimization ..................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Chronic, Serious, and Violent Career Patterns ........................................................................................................... 2 New Research on Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders ................................................................... 3 Violent Careers............................................................................................................................................................. 3 Age of Onset................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Chronic Offending ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 Prevalence Rates .......................................................................................................................................................... 4 Co-Occurring Problem Behaviors ............................................................................................................................. 4 Multiple Risk Factors .................................................................................................................................................. 4 Interacting Risk Factors .............................................................................................................................................. 5 Protective Factors ........................................................................................................................................................ 5 Developmental Pathways .......................................................................................................................................... 5 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................... 5 OJJDP’s Comprehensive Strategy .................................................................................................................. 7 General Principles ............................................................................................................................................................ 7 Target Populations ............................................................................................................................................................ 9 Program Rationale ............................................................................................................................................................ 9 The Juvenile Justice System ..................................................................................................................................... 10 Delinquency Prevention ............................................................................................................................................... 11 Graduated Sanctions ...................................................................................................................................................... 11 Intervention ................................................................................................................................................................ 12 Immediate Intervention .................................................................................................................................... 12 Intermediate Sanctions ...................................................................................................................................... 13 Secure Corrections..................................................................................................................................................... 13 Community Confinement ................................................................................................................................. 14 Incarceration in Training Schools, Camps, and Ranches.............................................................................. 14 iii Expected Benefits ........................................................................................................................................................... 14 Delinquency Prevention ........................................................................................................................................... 14 Graduated Sanctions ................................................................................................................................................. 14 Crime Reduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 15 Part I: A Blueprint for Implementing the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders ......................................................................... 17 Strategy for the Prevention of Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Delinquency ...................................... 17 Foundations of Risk-Focused Prevention .............................................................................................................