Notes on General Ashley, the Overland Trail, and South Pass BY DONALD MCKAY FROST FOREWORD HE activities of General William H, Ashley in the fur T trade during the years 1822 to 1826 played a part in the expansion of our country for he brought together and inspired a group of men who during that period and later, after his retirement, blazed the trails from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Coast and then, by leading others across the way, contributed to the acquisition of Oregon, California, and the Spanish Southwest, The details of this period of our history are meager—the men who made it were in the main illiterate—and consequently any authoritative information, however slight, respecting the travels of the early explorers in the Rocky Mountains and in the country which lies beyond has a peculiar value. The development and conduct of the fur trade in the United States has been fully told by Captain (later General) Hiram Martin Chittenden in his book entitled The History of the American Fur Trade of the West which was published in 1902. This book is and will remain the standard authority for that phase of our national development. Not only was General Chittenden a scholar of ability, but in the prepara- tion of this work he had and used the opportunity of con- ferring with men who had engaged in the trade and with the families and close associates of other traders who had died. His statements, therefore, must be accorded great respect. 102 AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY [Oct., Since the publication of General Chittenden's work, three documents of importance have been brought to light which detail the activities of parties of Ashley's men. These documents are the letters of Daniel T. Potts, the narrative of James Clyman, and the journal of Jedediah Strong Smith. A few years ago, in looking over a file of the National Intelligencer, of Washington, D.C., I chanced upon a letter signed "D.T.P." which had been published first in the No- vember 14th, 1826, issue of The Gazette and Daily Advertiser of Philadelphia. It gives a contemporary account of the travels of a party of men who served under General Ashley in the Rocky Mountains from 1822 to 1826. Mr. Henry R. Wagner and Dr. Charles S. Camp listed it in their revised edition of The Plains and the Rockies as Number 33 and have associated it with another letter or letters which were noted by Mr. Wagner in his first edition of that book. This latter group relates the travels of a detachment of "Ashley's Men" from the spring of 1826 to the spring of 1827 and were also published in The Gazette and Daily Advertiser in three parts, two of which appear in the issue of September 27th, 1827, and the third in the issue of October 19th of the same year. Al- though the initials D.T.P. appear as a signature only to the letter of 1826 and are not associated with those of 1827, there seems no reason to question the conclusion that all were written by the same person. Few mountain men were lit- erate but these letters were written by an educated man, their style is similar, they form a continuous narrative and all were first published in the same newspaper. Daniel T. Potts of Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, was the author of these letters. The original publication of the letter of 1826 in the Philadelphia Gazette gave only the initials D.T.P., but the head note to an extract from this letter which was printed in the May 29th, 1827, issue of the Philadelphia National Gazette states that it was written by I944-] GENERAL ASHLEY AND THE OVERLAND TRAIL 163 "D. T. Potts of Montgomery County." The following account of Daniel T. Potts appears on page 495 of The Potts Family published in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania, in 1901. Daniel T. Potts^ (Zebulon', Nathan^ David'), son of Zebulon and Martha (Trotter) Potts, was born 7 mo. 18, 1794. Born and raised on a farm, he was a lad of excellent habits and sound principles. When he reached manhood, anxious to see life and the country, he went west. In 1822, he joined the Henry and Ashley expedition, bound for the Rocky Mountains and the Columbia River and served as a scout. Gen. Ashley wrote to his brother Robert of his integrity and courage. His letters written to friends at home were graphic and full of interest. After leaving this service he went to Texas, and from there wrote to his friends that he was buying and shipping cattle to the New Orleans market. His brother Robert placed several thousand dollars to his credit with merchants in New Orleans and wrote to him to that effect. The money was never drawn and he was never heard of again. About this time a vessel loaded with cattle encountered a storm and went down, and all on board were lost. Daniel Potts is supposed to have perished on this vessel. He is not known to have been married. The Potts letters are reprinted as Appendix A. James Clyman was a member of General Ashley's second expedition which left St. Louis in the spring of 1823. His narrative and diaries were edited by Dr. Charles S. Camp and were published by the California Historical Society in 1928. Unfortunately, we have no diary of his travels during the eighteen-twenties as we have for the years 1844 to 1846. He died, a resident of Napa, California, at the age of eighty- nine. During the last ten years of his life he jotted down at first on paper and later, as he became more feeble, on a slate the narrative of his travels from the spring of 1823 to the summer of 1824. The caption states that he intended to continue the narrative until the year 1829, but death inter- vened. Although Clyman wrote when he was seventy-nine to eighty-nine years of age of adventures which had taken place fifty years before, his statements are consistent with reliable information from other sources. He must have been possessed of an unusual memory but it is also fair to assume 164 AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY [Oct., that the high adventure of those days when "Ashley's Men" broke into the upper valley of the Green River and blazed the ways across our continent was engraved deeply upon the memories of the participants. Jedediah Strong Smith was outstanding among Ashley's men. An educated man, deeply religious, endowed with an imagination which urged him to solve the mystery of the then unknown western wilds, a capable fur trapper and trader and possessed of unusual astuteness in dealing with the Indians either in peace or war, he not only contributed largely to the success of General Ashley's plans, but was a compendium of information respecting the Rocky Mountain region and the trails westward to the Pacific Coast. The so- called "Gallatin Map" which was published in Volume 2 of The Transactions of the American Antiquarian Society (1836) was based upon information furnished by him. At the time of its publication, this map was regarded as the most author- itative delineation of the western country. Smith's untimely death in 1831 and the subsequent loss or destruction of his records, have deprived us of invaluable sources of informa- tion. After persistent search, Mr. Maurice S. Sullivan dis- covered among the papers of a distant branch of his family a manuscript which appears to be a copy of the first draft of the beginning of a journal of his travels. This manuscript furnishes many details of Ashley's first expedition. It was published in 1934 by the Fine Arts Press, Santa Ana, Cali- fornia, under the title of The Travels of Jedediah Smith. The finding of the Potts letters inspired a hope that an examination of other newspapers during the years 1822 to 1830 might disclose articles which would increase our knowl- edge of the travels of General Ashley and his men. Such an examination has been made under the direction of Mr. Clar- ence S. Brigham, Director of the American Antiquarian Society. I have deliberately used the expression "under the I944-] GENERAL ASHLEY AND THE OVERLAND TRAIL 165 direction of" Mr. Brigham, for I can make no claim to any part of the investigation. My inexperience in such matters stood out in sharp contrast to his uncanny capacity for sensing at a glance papers in which articles on the West might or might not be found. The search more than justified the hope for it brought to light many hitherto unrecognized items which add important details to our knowledge of General Ashley's expeditions. All who are interested in the history of the fur trade must share my feeling of obligation to Mr. Brigham for having exhausted the most likely news- paper sources of additional information. These articles are reprinted as Appendix B. It was first proposed to publish the Potts letters with annotations. This plan was abandoned for it soom became evident that the annotations would greatly exceed the letters. The tail would be wagging the dog. It was then proposed to paraphrase the letters and in the light of the story which they told combined with our knowledge from other sources to comment upon the movements of General Ashley's men from 1822 to 1827. But this method of ap- proach was found to be misleading in that it gave undue prominence to Potts who was but the inadvertent historian of an expedition which had not only been organized by, but had been conducted under the direction of General Ashley.