University of Huddersfield Repository Skerik, Tomas Automated Training Plan Generation for Athletes Original Citation Skerik, Tomas (2019) Automated Training Plan Generation for Athletes. Doctoral thesis, University of Huddersfield. This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/35238/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided: • The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy; • A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and • The content is not changed in any way. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ AUTOMATED TRAINING PLAN GENERATION FOR ATHLETES TOMAS SKERIK A thesis submitted to the University of Huddersfield in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Huddersfield September 2019 1 Copyright statement i. The author of this thesis (including any appendices and/or schedules to this thesis) owns any copyright in it (the Copyright) and s/he has given The Uni- versity of Huddersfield the right to use such copyright for any administrative, promotional, educational and/or teaching purposes. ii. Copies of this thesis, either in full or in extracts, may be made only in accordance with the regulations of the University Library. Details of these regulations may be obtained from the Librarian. This page must form part of any such copies made. iii. The ownership of any patents, designs, trademarks and any and all other in- tellectual property rights except for the Copyright (the Intellectual Property Rights) and any reproductions of copyright works, for example graphs and ta- bles (Reproductions), which may be described in this thesis, may not be owned by the author and may be owned by third parties. Such Intellectual Prop- erty Rights and Reproductions cannot and must not be made available for use without the prior written permission of the owner(s) of the relevant Intellectual Property Rights and/or Reproductions 2 List of Publications i. Proceedings of the 34th Workshop of the UK Planning and Scheduling Special Interest Group, 2016 Title: Proposing of Planning System for Sports Domain: A Tool for Professional Coaches Authors: Skerik Tomas, Faber Wolfgang, Chrpa Lukas As the first author of the publication, I gave the major contribution. ii. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, SMC 2018 Title: Automated Training Plan Generation for Athletes Authors: Skerik Tomas, Chrpa Lukas, Faber Wolfgang, Vallati Mauro As the first author of the publication, I gave the major contribution. 3 ABSTRACT In sports, athletes need detailed and individualised training plans for maintaining and improving their skills in order to deliver their best performance in competitions. This presents a considerable amount of effort and overhead for coaches, who not only have to set realistic objectives, but also formulate extremely detailed training plans. Automated Planning, which has already been successfully deployed in many real-world applications such as space exploration, robotics, or manufacturing pro- cesses, embodies a useful mechanism that can be exploited for generating training plans for athletes. In this thesis, we propose the use of automated-planning techniques for generating individual physical preparation training plans, which consist of exercises the athlete has to perform during training, given the athlete's current performance, the period of time, and target performance that should be achieved. Our experimental analysis, which considers general training of kickboxers, shows that apart of considerable less planning time, training plans automatically generated by the proposed approach are more detailed and individualised than plans prepared manually by a coach. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3 LIST OF TABLES :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 6 LIST OF FIGURES ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 7 ABBREVIATIONS :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 9 1 Introduction :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 10 1.1 Motivation :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 11 1.2 Contributions :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 12 1.3 Thesis Overview ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 14 2 Background :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 15 2.1 Automated Planning :::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 16 2.1.1 Classical Planning ::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18 2.1.2 Numerical Planning ::::::::::::::::::::::::: 26 2.1.3 PDDL :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 29 2.2 Sport Science and Training Theory :::::::::::::::::::: 35 2.2.1 Physical and Movement abilities :::::::::::::::::: 37 2.2.2 Kickboxing ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 51 2.2.3 Sport performance ::::::::::::::::::::::::: 54 2.2.4 Athletes' Performance Testing ::::::::::::::::::: 60 2.2.5 Sports Training Planning :::::::::::::::::::::: 64 3 Sport Domain ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 73 3.1 Sport Performance Encoding :::::::::::::::::::::::: 76 3.1.1 Body Properties ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 77 3.1.2 Sport Performance Quantification Scheme :::::::::::: 80 3.2 Annual Training Plan Specification :::::::::::::::::::: 87 5 Page 3.2.1 Training Intensity :::::::::::::::::::::::::: 88 3.2.2 Training Volume :::::::::::::::::::::::::: 90 3.2.3 Sports Planning Domain Model Specification ::::::::::: 93 4 Experiments and Evaluation :::::::::::::::::::::::::: 106 4.1 Case Study Specification ::::::::::::::::::::::::: 106 4.1.1 Planning Scenarios :::::::::::::::::::::::: 107 4.1.2 Planning Problem Files Specification :::::::::::::: 108 4.1.3 Machine and Planner Specification ::::::::::::::: 112 4.2 Experimental Results ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 113 4.3 Validation ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 117 5 Discussion :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 124 5.1 Sport Performance Quantification Scheme ::::::::::::::: 124 5.2 PDDL Choice ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 128 5.3 Sports Domain Model Reusability :::::::::::::::::::: 129 6 Conclusion and future work :::::::::::::::::::::::::: 132 REFERENCES ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 138 A Examples of Abstract ATPs :::::::::::::::::::::::::: 145 B Experiments Results :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 147 C Full Example of Raw Plan ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 151 D Full Example of Sorted Plan :::::::::::::::::::::::::: 152 E Expert Plans Examples ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 153 F Examples Of Automatically Generated Plans ::::::::::::::::: 155 6 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 4.1 Athletes Performance Test Results ::::::::::::::::::::: 109 4.2 Testing results transformed into abilities fluents :::::::::::::: 110 4.3 Goal state fluents defined period lasting 9 weeks and 45 slots ::::::: 111 4.4 Goal state fluents defined for 9 week with boot camp ::::::::::: 112 4.5 Goal state fluents defined for full general preparation period ::::::: 113 5.1 Mocked-up push-up test data for SPQS development ::::::::::: 127 5.2 Mocked-up long-distance jump test data for SPQS development ::::: 127 B.1 Number of actions for entry athlete for all three scenarios ::::::::: 148 B.2 Number of actions for intermediate athlete for all three scenarios ::::: 149 B.3 Number of actions for elite athlete for all three scenarios ::::::::: 150 7 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 2.1 The example of DWR's Initial state s0 :::::::::::::::::::: 20 2.2 The example of DWR's state s1 :::::::::::::::::::::::: 23 2.3 The Example of DWR's Goal state s6 ::::::::::::::::::::: 25 2.4 Percentage activation of energy systems according to duration [31] ::::: 39 2.5 Breakdown of motoric tests structure [65] ::::::::::::::::::: 62 2.6 Sketch of 1-year training plan of European Group [39] :::::::::::: 70 3.1 Basic male body anatomy ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 76 3.2 Stages of Burpee [88] :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 82 3.3 Main and secondary muscle preforming during push ups :::::::::: 84 4.1 Excerpt of a plan generated for the entry-level athlete for 9 weeks with 45 slots scenario. ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 114 4.2 Example of plan sorted by the script. :::::::::::::::::::: 114 4.3 Intermediate athlete plan for 9 weeks made of 45 slots. :::::::::: 115 A.1 The annual training plan according to AIBA [39] ::::::::::::: 146 C.1 Full raw plan output for an entry athlete :::::::::::::::::: 151 D.1 Sorted plan for an entry athlete with 45 slots ::::::::::::::: 152 E.1 Plan produced by expert for 9 weeks first part. :::::::::::::: 153 E.2 Plan produced by expert for 9 weeks second part. ::::::::::::: 154 F.1 Entry athlete plan 9 weeks with 45 slots. :::::::::::::::::: 155 F.2 Intermediate athlete plan 9 weeks including boot camp. :::::::::: 156 F.3 Elite athlete plan 12 weeks. ::::::::::::::::::::::::: 157 8 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my project supervisors Lukas Chrpa, Mauro Vallati and Wolfgang Faber who supported me throughout the whole PhD studies, advised me and inspired me with great ideas. Further, I would like to thank my family and friends for their support, patience and encouragement. I would also like to express gratitude to