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Ann Arbor, MI 48106 REGIONAL DISADVANTAGES AND ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL INTEGRATION WITHIN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Jae Bang Koh, M.A., M.P.A., B.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1992 Dissertation Committees Approved by Chadwick F. Alger Anthony Mughan Donald A. Sylvan Chadwick Department of Political Science DEDICATION To Mom and Dad - ii - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I express sincere appreciation to three committee mem­ bers, Drs. Chadwick F. Alger, Anthony Mughan, Donald A. Sylvan, for their comments and critiques on this disserta­ tion. Special thanks go to Dr. Chadwick Alger for his con­ tinuous encouragement. I also offer thanks to my parents for never giving up their faith in me. To my brother, Jae Wun, and to my sisters, Jae Hyun, Young Ran, and Oak Hee, I thank you for spiritual support and encouragement. - iii - VITA April 8, 1957 ........... Born - South Korea 1982 .................... B.A., Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea 1984-1985 ............... Researcher, Ohio Governor's Office of Criminal Justice Services, Columbus, Ohio 1986-1989 ............... Human Service Analyst, Metropolitan Human Service Commission, Columbus, Ohio 1984-1990 ............... Graduate Research Associate, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Political Science Studies in International Politics Studies in Comparative Foreign Policy Studies in Transnational Relations Minor Field: American Politics Studies in Public Policy Studies in Urban Politics - iv - TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE D e d i c a t i o n ................................................. ii Acknowledgements ........................................ iii VITA ....................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ..........................................viii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................. X CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ..................................... 1 1.1 Research Problem ........................ 1 1.2 Theoretical Significance ............... 2 1.3 The Concept of I n t e g r a t i o n .............. 4 1.4 The Measurement of Integration ........ 7 1.5 Integration Theory .................... 10 1.6 Integration Effects .................... 14 1.7 Regional Disadvantages ............... 17 1.8 The Theory of Regional Imbalance . 20 1.8.1 The Neoclassical T h e o r y .......20 1.8.2 The Export-Base Theory ...... 22 1.8.3 The Growth Pole Theory ......... 23 1.8.4 The Center-Periphery Theory . 25 1.9 H y p o t h e s e s ............................... 28 1.10 Methodologies ............................. 29 - v - II. INTEGRATION EFFORTS IN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY . 30 2.1 I n t r o d u c t i o n ............................ 30 2.2 The First P e r i o d ........................ 33 2.3 The Second P e r i o d ........................ 36 2.4 The Third P e r i o d ........................ 40 2.5 The Fourth P e r i o d ........................ 44 2.6 The Fifth Period . ................. 46 2.7 C o n c l u s i o n .............................. 48 III. REGIONAL DISADVANTAGES IN THE EUROPEAN C O M M U N I T Y ....................................50 3.1 I n t r o d u c t i o n ............................ 50 3.2 Definition of Regions ....................51 3.3 Regional Imbalances within the C o m m u n i t y ................................. 55 3.3.1 Imbalances in GDP per capita in the Community ...................... 57 3.3.2 Imbalances in GDP per Worker in the Community ...................... 61 3.3.3 Imbalances in Unemployment Rate in the C o m m u n i t y .................... 64 3.3.4 Imbalances in Agricultural Employment in the Community . 68 3.3.5 Imbalances in Net Migration in the Community ................ 71 3.4 Development of Common Regional P o l i c i e s ........................... 74 3.4.1 Overview of Regional Policy . 77 3.4.2 The European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) ......... 80 3.5 C o n c l u s i o n ......................... 81 IV. TWO CASE STUDIES: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN REGIONAL DISADVANTAGE AND INTEGRATION IN THE MEZZOGIORNO AND NORTHERN IRELAND . 84 4.1 Introductory Discussion ............... 84 4.1.1 Theoretical Purpose of a Case S t u d y ......................... 84 4.1.2 Review of the Center-Periphery T h e o r y ......................... 88 4.1.3 Research Problem ................. 89 4.1.4 The Selection of Cases ....... 91 4.2 The Relationship between Regional Disadvantage and Integration in the Mezzogiorno and Northern Ireland . 93 - vi - 4.2.1 Case 1: The Mezzogiorno ........... 93 4.2.1.1 The Analysis of Regional Disadvantage ............... 95 4.2.1.2 The Rise of Social Unrest and Political Tension .... 100 4.2.1.3 Conclusion ................. 108 4.2.2 Case 2: Northern Ireland .......... 109 4.2.2.1 The Analysis of Regional Disadvantage ............... Ill 4.2.2.2 The Rise of Disintegrative F o r c e s .................... 115 4.2.2.3 Conclusion ................. 121 4.3 Discussion and Conclusion ...........123 V. INTRODUCTORY DISCUSSION FOR AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS .................................. 129 5.1 The Unit of A n a l y s i s ............ 129 5.2 I n d i c a t o r s .......................... 132 5.3 Time Period ....................... 140 5.4 M e t h o d s .............................. 143 5.5 Data S o u r c e s ........................ 146 VI. THE FIRST HYPOTHESIS: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN REGIONAL DISADVANTAGE AND INTEGRATION . 148 6.1 Introductory Discussion ............... 148 6.2 Testing of the First Hypothesis.... 150 6.3 Summary and Conclusion ............. 163 VII. THE SECOND HYPOTHESIS: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTEGRATION AND ECONOMIC ADVANTAGE IN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS . 171 7.1 Introductory discussion ............... 171 7.2 Testing of the Second Hypothesis . 176 7.3 Summary and Conclusion ............. 181 VIII. CONCLUSION ....................................... 185 8.1 I n t r o d u c t i o n ........................ 185 8.2 Summary and Review of Findings .... 187 8.3 Limitations of Methodology and Data . 195 8.4 Future R e s e a r c h ................... 198 8.5 Policy Implications ................... 201 - vii - APPENDICES A. PREAMBLE, AND ARTICLES 2, 92 AND 113 OF THE TREATY OF R O M E ............................ 207 B. PREAMBLE, ARTICLES 1, 2, 3, AND TITLE V OF THE SINGLE EUROPEAN A C T ....................... 214 C. TABLES OF CORRELATIONS AMONG PGDP, UNEMP AND NMIG ....................................... 224 Bibliography ............................................ 225 - viii - LIST OF TABLES The CV of GDP per capita between Regions in the Community, 1970-1982 .................... , 58 Difference between the Highest and the Lowest GDP per capita between Regions in the Community, 1970-1982 ........................ 59 The CV of GDP per Worker between Regions in the Community, 1970-1982 .......... 62 Difference between the Highest and the Lowest GDP per worker between Regions in the Community, 1970-1982 ........................ 63 The CV of Unemployment Rate between Regions in the Community, 1970-1982 ............... 66 Difference between the Highest and the Lowest Unemployment Rates between Regions in the Community, 1970-1982 ........................ 67 The CV of the Proportion of Agricultural Employment between Regions in the Community, 1970-1982 ................................... 69 Difference between the Highest and the Lowest Proportion of Agricultural Employment between Regions in the Community, 1973-1984 .... 70 The CV of Net Migration between Regions in the Community, 1970-1982 ..... ......... 73 Difference between the Highest Emigration and Immigration between Regions in the Community, 1977-1985 ................................... 74 Expenditures for the ERDF in the European Community, 1975-1988 ........................ 80 GDP