Ageing, Diversity and Equality: Social Justice Perspectives Current understandings of ageing and diversity are impoverished in three main ways. Firstly, with regards to thinking about what inequalities operate in later life there has been an excessive preoccupation with economic resources. On the other hand, less attention has been paid to cultural norms and values, other resources, wider social processes, political participation and community engagement. Secondly, in terms of thinking about the ‘who’ of inequality, this has so far been limited to a very narrow range of minority populations. Finally, when considering the ‘how’ of inequality, social gerontology’s theoretical analyses remain under-developed. The overall effect of these issues is that social gerontology remains deeply embedded in normative assumptions which serve to exclude a wide range of older people. Ageing, Diversity and Equality: Social Justice Perspectives aims to challenge and provoke the above described normativity and offer an alternative approach which highlights the heterogeneity and diversity of ageing, associated inequalities and their intersections, in relation to: • Gender and sexualities • Culture, ethnicity and religion • Ageing with disabilities and/or long-term health conditions • Care • Ageing spatialities. Multidisciplinary in nature with contributions from leading UK and international authors, this edited collection utilises a framework of a social justice perspective in order to analyse inequalities of resources, recognition and representation. It will appeal to students and researchers interested in fields such as Social Studies, Gerontology and Socio-Legal Studies. Dr Sue Westwood is a socio-legal and social gerontological scholar working as a consultant academic and as Lecturer in Law, York Law School, University of York, UK. Routledge Advances in Sociology Time and Temporality in Transitional and Post-Conflict Societies Edited by Natascha Mueller-Hirth and Sandra Rios Oyola Practicing Art/Science Experiments in an Emerging Field Edited by Philippe Sormani, Guelfo Carbone and Priska Gisler The Dark Side of Podemos? Carl Schmitt’s Shadow in Progressive Populism Josh Booth and Patrick Baert Intergenerational Family Relations An Evolutionary Social Science Approach Antti O. Tanskanen and Mirkka Danielsbacka Performing Fantasy and Reality in Contemporary Culture Anastasia Seregina The Philosophy of Homelessness Barely Being Paul Moran and Frances Atherton The Sociology of Knowledge Approach to Discourse Investigating the Politics of Knowledge and Meaning-making Edited by Reiner Keller, Anna-Katharina Hornidge and Wolf J. Schünemann Christianity and Sociological Theory Reclaiming the Promise Joseph A. Scimecca Ageing, Diversity and Equality: Social Justice Perspectives Edited by Sue Westwood For a full list of titles in this series, please visit www.routledge.com/series/SE0511 Ageing, Diversity and Equality: Social Justice Perspectives Edited by Sue Westwood First published 2019 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2019 selection and editorial matter, Sue Westwood; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Sue Westwood to be identified as the author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record has been requested for this book ISBN: 978-0-415-78669-0 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-22683-5 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Apex CoVantage, LLC This book is dedicated to my dear aunt, Dorothy Felton née Calverley (1920–2017) Dorothy is a shining example of a life well-lived. She died as she had lived, full of gratitude, love and acceptance, with little bursts of wisdom, generosity, kindness and humour. She has left behind a wealth of people who loved her, who were blessed to have been loved by her, and whose lives were better for having known her. A life well-lived indeed. Contents List of contributors x Acknowledgements xvii 1 Introduction 1 SUE WESTWOOD PART I Gender 23 Introduction to Part I 23 SUE WESTWOOD 2 Socio-economic inequalities in later life: the role of gender 25 ATHINA VLACHANTONI 3 Gender, (in)equality and the body in later life 36 LAURA HURD CLARKE 4 Gender and the social imaginary of the fourth age 48 CHRIS GILLEARD AND PAUL HIGGS 5 Ageing without children, gender and social justice 66 ROBIN A. HADLEY 6 Trans(gender)/gender-diverse ageing 82 JENNY-ANNE BISHOP OBE AND SUE WESTWOOD viii Contents PART II Sexualities 99 Introduction to Part II 99 SUE WESTWOOD 7 Older lesbians, ageing and equality 101 JANE TRAIES 8 Gay men and ageing 114 MARK HUGHES AND PETER ROBINSON 9 Bisexuality and ageing: striving for social justice 131 SARAH JEN 10 Heterosexual ageing: interrogating the taken-for- granted norm 147 SUE WESTWOOD PART III Culture, ethnicity and religion 165 Introduction to Part III 165 SUE WESTWOOD 11 Ethnicity, race and care in older age: what can a social justice framework offer? 167 SANDRA TORRES 12 Migration, ageing and social inclusion 181 SHEREEN HUSSEIN 13 Older migrants: inequalities of ageing from a transnational perspective 194 ALISTAIR HUNTER 14 Ageing, religion and (in)equality 210 PETER KEVERN Contents ix PART IV Disabilities, long-term conditions and care 223 Introduction to Part IV 223 SUE WESTWOOD 15 Ageing with physical disabilities and/or long-term health conditions 225 SUE WESTWOOD AND NICOLA CAREY 16 The intersectionality of intellectual disability and ageing 245 KAREN WATCHMAN 17 Ageing with HIV 259 DANA ROSENFELD, DAMIEN RIDGE AND JOSE CATALAN, ON BEHALF OF THE HIV AND LATER LIFE (HALL) TEAM 18 Older people and deficiencies in the formal care system: equality and rights 276 JONATHAN HERRING PART V Spatiality 291 Introduction to Part V 291 SUE WESTWOOD 19 Ageing and spatial equality 293 MARTIN HYDE 20 Rural ageing and equality 311 VANESSA BURHOLT, PAULA FOSCARINI-CRAGGS AND BETHAN WINTER 21 Ageing in the workplace 329 ANNETTE COX 22 Ageing in prison 345 HELEN CODD Index 359 Contributors Jenny-Anne Bishop OBE is a retired chemist, a voluntary worker for transgen- der/LGBT communities, and an elder of the URC LGBT-Congregation Manchester. She sits on the Parliamentary Forum on Gender-Identity and the Welsh Strategic Equality Plan Board, advising many public service pro- viders on trans inclusion and equality. Her interests are: establishing full rights for all gender diverse people, improving reporting of transphobic/homo- phobic hate crime, advancing NHS gender care provision and implementing better health and social care provision for older LGBT people. Awarded an OBE for services to the trans community, Jenny-Anne and her partner Elen run the North Wales trans community house. Vanessa Burholt (BSc, PhD, FAcSS) is Professor of Gerontology and Direc- tor of the Centre for Innovative Ageing (CIA) in the College of Human and Health Sciences at Swansea University, and Director of the Pan-Wales Centre for Ageing and Dementia Research (CADR). Vanessa’s research focuses on older people’s attachment to people and places, and she has published over 50 papers and book chapters on rurality, loneliness, support networks, intergenerational relationships, ethnicity and migration. Professor Burholt has 24 years’ experience of research on ageing, and, over the last few years, she has worked on and led research projects worth approximately €21 million. Nicola Carey is a Reader and lead for the Long-Term Conditions and Ageing Cluster within the School of Health Sciences at the University of Surrey. She is a qualified nurse who has worked in a variety of posts across the country in primary care as both a practice nurse and nurse practitioner. She also spent two years in the United States whilst undertaking her Master’s in Public Health in community health education and was involved in sev- eral national- and state-level projects, including the Youth Risk Behaviour Survey. Nicola’s research interests include quality improvement, workforce development, non-medical prescribing and patient self-management. She has significant experience in the conduct and management of multi-site studies and mixed methods research. Contributors xi Jose Catalan, MSc (Oxon), DPM, FRCPsych, formerly Reader in Psychiatry at Imperial College London, and Honorary Consultant Liaison Psychiatrist, CNWL NHS Foundation Trust, London, is a psychiatrist who has been involved in mental health research and provision of care for people with HIV infection since the early 1980s. He has published extensively in psy- chiatric and medical journals and co-authored or edited four books. He is a founding member and trustee since 1991 of the International Commit- tee AIDS IMPACT, a charity that organises international AIDS conferences on psychological and social issues. Jose’s current research interests include ageing and HIV and the history of care provision for people with HIV in the UK. Helen Codd is Professor of Law and Social Justice at the University of Central Lancashire. She has an extensive international record of research and publi- cations in relation to prisons, prisoners and prisoners’ families, and her work has been cited with approval by the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights. Questions of diversity, especially in relation to gender and ageing, have underpinned her research throughout her career. She has a strong record of collaboration and consultancy with third sector voluntary organisations and NGOs, and is currently a Lay Adviser to the Lancashire MAPPA Strategic Management Board, appointed by the Ministry of Justice.