k v Contents List of Contributors xxi About the Editors xxvii Part A Concepts and Standards for a Secure Water Harvesting 1 1 Concept and Technology of Rainwater Harvesting 3 Fayez Abdulla, Cealeen Abdulla, and Saeid Eslamian 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Concept of Rainwater Harvesting 4 1.3 Technologies of Rainwater Harvesting 5 1.3.1 Micro-Catchment Systems 6 1.3.1.1 Rooftop System 6 k 1.3.1.2 On-Farm Systems 7 k 1.3.2 Macro-Catchment Systems 7 1.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Rainwater Harvesting 8 1.4.1 Advantages of Roof Rainwater Harvesting (RRWH) 8 1.4.2 Disadvantages of RRWH 10 1.5 Feasibility of Rainwater Harvesting across Different Climatic Zones 10 1.5.1 Physical Feasibility 10 1.5.2 Technical Aspects 10 1.5.3 Social Aspects 11 1.5.4 Financial Aspects 11 1.6 Roof Rainwater Harvesting System Components 11 1.6.1 Catchment Area 11 1.6.2 Conveyance System 12 1.6.3 Storage Tank 12 1.6.4 First Flush 13 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL 1.7 Calculation of Potential Harvested Water 13 1.8 Water Quality and its Health and Environmental Impacts 14 1.9 System Operation and Maintenance 14 1.10 Conclusion 15 References 15 2 Rainwater Harvesting: Recent Developments and Contemporary Measures 17 Aline Pires Veról, Marcelo Gomes Miguez, Elaine Garrido Vazquez, Fernanda Rocha Thomaz, Bruna Peres Battemarco, and Assed Naked Haddad 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Water Resource Management 18 2.2.1 Water Supply 19 k k vi Contents 2.2.2 Water Demands 19 2.2.3 Water Scarcity 19 2.2.4 Regulatory Framework 21 2.2.5 Recent Developments 21 2.2.5.1 Water-Energy Nexus 22 2.2.5.2 Net-Zero Water Buildings 24 2.3 Water Management at the Building Scale 25 2.3.1 Design of a Rainwater Harvesting System 26 2.3.1.1 Collection Surface (or Roof Surface) 26 2.3.1.2 Gutters and Pipes 26 2.3.1.3 Storage Tanks (Reservoirs) 27 2.3.1.4 Rainwater Treatment Systems 32 2.3.1.5 Rainwater Pumping Station 33 2.3.1.6 Water Supply System (Water Pipes) 33 2.3.2 Source Control Systems 33 2.4 Analysis of Payback of Rainwater Harvesting Systems 34 2.5 Conclusion 35 Acknowledgment 35 References 36 3 Standards for Rainwater Catchment Design 39 Sisuru Sendanayake and Saeid Eslamian 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Catchment Surface 40 3.2.1 Collection Efficiency 41 k 3.2.2 Pollutants on the Catchment Surface 41 k 3.3 Conveyance System 42 3.3.1 Filtering Devices in RWH Systems 43 3.4 Storage Tank 44 3.4.1 Sizing of the Storage Tank 44 3.4.1.1 General Methods of Determining the Tank Capacities of RTRWHS 44 3.4.1.2 Sizing Based on Supply (Mass Balance Method or Rainfall Mass Curve Analysis) 44 3.4.1.3 Sizing Based on Computer Models 45 3.4.1.4 Sizing Based on Design Charts 45 3.4.2 Advanced Methods of Determining Optimum Tank Capacities of RTRWH Systems 45 3.4.2.1 Critical Period Model 45 3.4.2.2 Moran Model 45 3.4.2.3 Behavioral Models 45 3.4.3 Investigating the Performance of RTRWH System Using the Behavioral Model 45 3.4.3.1 Yield after Spillage (YAS) Operating Model 46 3.4.3.2 Predicting the Performance of the RTRWH System Using the Behavioral Model 46 3.4.3.3 Generic Curves for System Performance of a RTRWH System 47 3.4.3.4 Sample Calculation for Sizing Storage of a RWH System 48 3.4.3.5 Use of Reference Maps to Find the Effective Combinations of Roof Area and Storage Capacity 49 3.4.4 Positioning of the Storage Tank 49 3.4.5 Cascading Multi Tank Model 51 3.4.6 Tank Materials and Life Cycle Energy (LCE) of Tanks 53 3.5 Pre-treatment of Roof Collection 53 3.6 Distribution System and Related Regulations 54 3.7 Conclusion 54 References 55 k k Contents vii 4 Water Security Using Rainwater Harvesting 57 Adebayo Eludoyin, Oyenike Eludoyin, Tanimola Martins, Mayowa Oyinloye, and Saeid Eslamian 4.1 Introduction 57 4.2 Concept of Rainwater Harvesting 57 4.3 Rainwater Collection Systems 58 4.4 Rainwater Storage 61 4.5 Importance of Rainwater Harvesting 61 4.6 Quality Assessment of Harvested Rainwater 64 4.7 Problems Associated with Rainwater Harvesting 64 4.8 Conclusion 65 References 65 Part B Water Harvesting Resources 69 5 Single-Family Home and Building Rainwater Harvesting Systems 71 Duygu Erten 5.1 Introduction 71 5.2 Historical Development of RWH and Utilization 71 5.3 Pros and Cons of RWH Systems 72 5.3.1 Economics of RWH 73 5.3.2 Cisterns as Flood Mitigation/Control Systems 74 5.3.3 Types of RWH Systems 74 5.3.4 Water Harvesting: Water Collection Source 74 5.3.5 RWH System: System Components 74 k 5.3.6 Rooftop Material 75 k 5.3.7 Roof Washers 75 5.3.8 Maintenance 75 5.3.9 Smart Rainwater Systems 76 5.3.10 RWH Systems with Solar Electric Pump 77 5.3.11 Water Harvesting from Air 77 5.4 Current Practices Around the World 78 5.5 Health Risks of Roof-Collected Rainwater 78 5.6 Guides, Policy, and Incentives 79 5.7 Green Building Certification Systems and RWH 82 5.7.1 Code for Sustainable Homes/BREEAM Support/Points Awarded 84 5.8 Conclusion 84 References 85 6 Water Harvesting in Farmlands 87 Elena Bresci and Giulio Castelli 6.1 Introduction 87 6.2 Water Harvesting: Definitions 87 6.3 Floodwater Harvesting in Farmlands 88 6.3.1 Case Study: Spate Irrigation Systems in Raya Valley 90 6.3.1.1 Modernization of Spate Irrigation in Raya Valley 90 6.3.1.2 Water Rights and Regulation of Raya Valley Spate Irrigation Systems 91 6.4 Macro-Catchment Water Harvesting in Farmlands 91 6.4.1 Case Study: Sand Dams in Kenya 91 6.4.1.1 GIS and Local Knowledge for Selecting Best Sites for Sand Dam Constructions in Kenya 92 6.5 Micro-Catchment Water Harvesting in Farmlands 94 6.5.1 Case Study: Multiple Micro Catchment Systems in Ethiopia 94 k k viii Contents 6.6 Rooftop Water Harvesting in Farmlands 95 6.6.1 Case Study: Rooftop Water Harvesting in Guatemala 95 6.7 Water Harvesting and Fertilization 96 6.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 96 References 97 7 Rainwater Harvesting for Livestock 101 Billy Kniffen 7.1 Introduction 101 7.2 Rainfall Harvesting on the Land 101 7.3 Animal Water Requirements 102 7.4 Harvested Rainfall as a Source for Livestock 103 7.5 Requirements for Harvesting Rainwater for Livestock 104 7.6 Distribution of Water for Livestock 107 7.7 Rainwater System Maintenance 107 7.8 Conclusion 107 References 108 8 Road Water Harvesting 109 Negin Sadeghi and Saeid Eslamian 8.1 Introduction 109 8.2 Water Harvesting Systems and Their Characteristics 110 8.2.1 Rainwater Harvest System 111 8.2.2 Necessity and Advantages of WHS 113 8.2.3 Types of Water Harvesting Systems 113 k 8.3 Road Water Harvesting 113 k 8.3.1 Rolling Dips 117 8.3.2 Water Bars 117 8.3.3 Side Drains 118 8.3.4 Miter 118 8.3.5 Culverts 118 8.3.6 Gully Prevention and Reclamation 118 8.3.6.1 Terrain 119 8.3.6.2 Climate 119 8.3.6.3 Soils 119 8.3.7 Inclusive Planning/Water-Friendly Road Design 120 8.3.8 Road WHS and Planting 122 8.3.8.1 Site Selection 123 8.4 Conclusion 123 References 124 Part C Hydroinformatic and Water Harvesting 127 9 Application of RS and GIS for Locating Rainwater Harvesting Structure Systems 129 Dhruvesh Patel, Dipak R. Samal, Cristina Prieto, and Saeid Eslamian 9.1 Introduction 129 9.2 Experimental Site 131 9.3 Methodology 131 9.3.1 Drainage Network 131 9.3.2 Digital Elevation Model and Slope 131 9.3.3 Soil Map 131 k k Contents ix 9.3.4 Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) 132 9.3.5 Morphometric Analysis 133 9.3.6 Decision Rules for Site Selection of Water Harvesting Structures 133 9.4 Results and Discussions 137 9.4.1 Basic Parameters 137 9.4.1.1 Area (A) and Perimeter (P) 137 9.4.1.2 Total Length of Streams (L) 137 9.4.1.3 Stream Order (u) 137 9.4.1.4 Basin Length (Lb) 137 9.4.2 Linear Parameters 138 9.4.2.1 Bifurcation Ration (Rb) 138 9.4.2.2 Drainage Density (Dd) 139 9.4.2.3 Stream Frequency (Fu) 139 9.4.2.4 Texture Ratio (T) 139 9.4.2.5 Length of Overland Flow (Lo) 139 9.4.3 Shape Parameters 139 9.4.3.1 Form Factor (Rf) 139 9.4.3.2 Shape Factor (Bs) 140 9.4.3.3 Elongation Ratio (Re) 140 9.4.3.4 Compactness Coefficientc (C ) 140 9.4.3.5 Circularity Ratio (Rc) 140 9.4.4 Compound Factor and Ranking 140 9.4.5 Positioning a Water Harvesting Structure 140 9.5 Conclusion 141 References 142 k k 10 Information Technology in Water Harvesting 145 S. Sreenath Kashyap, M.V.V. Prasad Kantipudi, Saeid Eslamian, Maryam Ghashghaie, Nicolas R. Dalezios, Ioannis Faraslis, and Kaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari 10.1 Introduction 145 10.2 Water Harvesting Methods 145 10.2.1 Basin Method 145 10.2.2 Stream Channel Method 145 10.2.3 Ditch and Furrow Method 145 10.2.4 Flooding Method 146 10.2.5 Irrigation Method 146 10.2.6 Pit Method 146 10.2.7 Recharge Well Method 147 10.3 The Internet of Things (IoT) 147 10.3.1 Applications of the IoT in Water Harvesting 147 10.3.1.1 Estimation of the Soil Moisture Content 147 10.3.1.2 Determining the Quality of Groundwater 147 10.3.1.3 Rate of Infiltration in the Soil 148 10.3.1.4 Delineation of Aquifer Boundaries and Estimation of Storability of Aquifer 148 10.3.1.5 Depth of Aquifer from the Surface of the Earth 148 10.3.1.6 Identification of Sites for Artificial Recharge Structures 148 10.4 Assessing the Available Subsurface Resources Using the IoT 148 10.5 The IoT Devices for Efficient Agricultural/Irrigation Usage 150 10.6 Conclusions 151 References 151 k k x Contents 11 Global Satellite-Based Precipitation Products 153 Zhong Liu, Dana Ostrenga, Andrey Savtchenko, William Teng, Bruce Vollmer, Jennifer Wei, and David Meyer 11.1 Introduction 153 11.2 Precipitation Measurements from Space 154 11.3 Overview of NASA Satellite-Based Global Precipitation Products and Ancillary Products at GES DISC 155 11.3.1 TRMM and GPM Missions 155 11.3.2 Multi-Satellite and Multi-Sensor Merged Global Precipitation Products 156 11.3.3 Global and