An Introduction to Intercultural Communication 跨跨文文化化交交际际导导论论 主 编： 严 明 副主编： 王 瑞 张丽娇 参编人员： 陈庆斌 刘 丹 目录 目录 .................................................................................................................................................. 2 Preface ................................................................................................................................. 7 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 0.1 Globalization：An Overview ...................................................................................... 1 0.1.1 Globalization Defined .......................................................................................... 1 0.1.2 Historical Origin of Globalization ......................................................................... 2 0.1.3 Modern Concept of Globalization ........................................................................ 2 0.1.4 Elements Contributing to the Globalization ......................................................... 3 0.2 Culture Merge ............................................................................................................ 3 0.2.1 Culture Diversity Defined ..................................................................................... 4 0.2.2 Workforce Diversity Defined ................................................................................ 4 0.2.3 Disadvantages of Culture Diversity ..................................................................... 4 0.3 Intercultural Communication ...................................................................................... 5 0.3.1 Intercultural Communication Defined .................................................................. 5 0.3.2 The Need for Intercultural Communication ......................................................... 5 0.3.3 Key Strategies for Effective Intercultural Communication ................................... 5 0.3.4 Tips for Intercultural Training ............................................................................... 6 ChapterⅠ Culture ............................................................................................................. 10 1.1 Culture Defined .......................................................................................................... 10 1.1.1 Edward Tylor‘s Definition ...................................................................................... 10 1.1.2 Kroeber and Kluckholn‘s Definition ....................................................................... 10 1.1.3 Samovar and Porter‘s Definition ........................................................................... 11 1.1.4 Other Definitions .................................................................................................. 11 1.2 Characteristics of Culture ............................................................................................ 12 1.2.1 Culture Is Learned ............................................................................................... 12 1.2.2 Culture Is Based on Symbols ............................................................................... 12 1.2.3 Culture Is Not the Same as Nature ....................................................................... 13 1.2.4 Culture Is Subject to Change ................................................................................ 14 1.2.5 Culture Is Ethnocentric ......................................................................................... 15 1.3 Cultural Identity ........................................................................................................ 15 1.3.1 Formation of Cultural Identity ................................................................................ 16 1.3.2 Characteristics of Cultural Identity ......................................................................... 17 1.4 Subculture, Co-culture, and Subgroup ........................................................................ 17 1.4.1 Subculture ........................................................................................................... 17 1.4.2 Co-culture ............................................................................................................ 18 1.4.3 Subgroup............................................................................................................. 18 1.5 Rules, Roles, and Networks ........................................................................................ 19 1.5.1 Rules ................................................................................................................... 19 1.5.2 Roles ................................................................................................................... 19 1.5.3 Networks ............................................................................................................. 20 ii ChapterⅡ Cultural Dynamics ........................................................................................... 23 2.1 Enculturation ............................................................................................................ 23 2.2 Acculturation ............................................................................................................. 23 2.2.1 Predictors of Acculturation ................................................................................ 23 2.2.2 Categories of Acculturation ............................................................................... 24 2.3 Culture Shock ........................................................................................................... 27 2.3.1 Symptoms of Culture Shock .............................................................................. 28 2.3.2 Aspects of Culture Shock .................................................................................. 29 2.3.3 Stages of Culture Shock .................................................................................... 31 2.3.4 Strategies for Managing Culture Shock ............................................................ 31 ChapterⅢ Communication ............................................................................................... 35 3.1 Communication Defined ........................................................................................... 35 3.1.1 Communication as an Element of Culture ........................................................ 35 3.1.2 Western Perspective on Communication .......................................................... 35 3.1.3 Eastern Perspective on Communication ........................................................... 35 3.1.4 Perception and Communication ........................................................................ 36 3.1.5 Communication Defined by Samovar and Porter ............................................. 36 3.1.6 Simmel‘s Perspective on Communication ......................................................... 36 3.2 Components of Communication............................................................................... 36 3.3 Characteristics of Communication ........................................................................... 39 3.3.1 Communication Is Dynamic .............................................................................. 39 3.3.2 Communication Is Irreversible ........................................................................... 40 3.3.3 Communication Is Symbolic .............................................................................. 40 3.3.4 Communication Is Systematic ........................................................................... 40 3.3.5 Communication Is Self-reflective ....................................................................... 41 3.3.6 Communication Is Transactional ....................................................................... 41 3.3.7 Communication Is Contextual ........................................................................... 42 ChapterⅣ Intercultural Communication ........................................................................... 44 4.1 Intercultural Communication .................................................................................... 44 4.1.1 Intercultural Communication Defined ................................................................ 44 4.1.2 Forms of Intercultural Communication .............................................................. 45 4.1.3 Intercultural Communication Ethics................................................................... 48 4.2 Intercultural Communication Competence .............................................................. 50 4.2.1 Intercultural Communication Competence Defined .......................................... 50 4.2.1 Components of Intercultural Communication Competence .............................. 51 4.2.2 Intercultural Communication Competence in Certain Context .......................... 52 ChapterⅤ Cultural Values ................................................................................................ 57 5.1 Worldview and Religion ........................................................................................... 57 5.1.1 Worldview and Religion Defined ....................................................................... 57 5.1.2 Major Religions .................................................................................................. 57 5.2 Cultural Values and Patterns of Behaviors .............................................................