VKM Report 2019: 13 Ranking of substances for monitoring in foods, drinks and dietary supplements - based on risk and knowledge gaps Scientific Opinion of the Scientific Steering Committee of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment Scientific Opinion of the Scientific Steering Committee of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment 16.09.2019 ISBN: 978-82-8259-329-8 ISSN: 2535-4019 Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (VKM) Po 222 Skøyen N – 0213 Oslo Norway Phone: +47 21 62 28 00 Email: [email protected] vkm.no vkm.no/english Cover photo: Brace Suggested citation: VKM, Inger-Lise Steffensen, Christiane Kruse Fæste, Trine Husøy, Helle Katrine Knutsen, Gro Haarklou Mathisen, Robin Ørnsrud, Angelika Agdestein, Johanna Bodin, Edel Elvevoll, Dag O. Hessen, Merete Hofshagen, Åshild Krogdahl, Asbjørn Magne Nilsen, Trond Rafoss, Taran Skjerdal, Gaute Velle, Yngvild Wasteson, Gro-Ingunn Hemre, Vigdis Vandvik, Jan Alexander (2019). Ranking of substances for monitoring in foods, drinks and dietary supplements - based on risk and knowledge gaps. Scientific Opinion of the Scientific Steering Committee of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment. VKM report 2019:13, ISBN: 978-82-8259-329-8, ISSN: 2535-4019. VKM Report 2019: 13 Ranking of substances for monitoring in foods, drinks and dietary supplements - based on risk and knowledge gaps Preparation of the opinion The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food and Environment (Vitenskapskomiteen for mat og miljø, VKM) appointed a project group to answer the request from the Norwegian Food Safety Authority. The project group consisted of six VKM members and a project leader from the VKM secretariat. The Scientific Steering Committee evaluated and approved the final opinion Authors of the opinion The members of the project group contributed to the drafting of the report (in alphabetical order after chair of the project group): Inger-Lise Steffensen – Chair of the project group and member of the VKM Scientific Steering Committee. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Jan Alexander – Chair of the VKM Scientific Steering Committee. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Retired, former Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Christiane Kruse Fæste – Member of the VKM Panel on Animal Feed. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian Veterinary Institute. Trine Husøy – Member of the VKM Scientific Steering Committee and chair of the VKM Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids, Materials in Contact with Food and Cosmetics. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Helle Katrine Knutsen – Member of the VKM Scientific Steering Committee and chair of the VKM Panel on Contaminants. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Gro Haarklou Mathisen – Project leader, the VKM Secretariat. Affiliation: VKM. Robin Ørnsrud - Member of the VKM Panel on Animal Feed. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Institute of Marine Research. The Opinion was assessed and approved by the Scientific Steering Committee. Members of the Scientific Steering Committee that contributed to the assessment and approval of the opinion (in alphabetical order before vice-chairs of the Committee): In addition to Jan Alexander, Trine Husøy, Helle Katrine Knutsen and Inger-Lise Steffensen these were: VKM Report 2019: 13 Angelika Agdestein – Member of the Scientific Steering Committee in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian Veterinary Institute. Johanna Bodin – Member of the Scientific Steering Committee in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian Institute of Public Health. Edel Elvevoll – Member of the Scientific Steering Committee in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) University of Tromsø. Dag O. Hessen – Member of the Scientific Steering Committee in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) University of Oslo. Merete Hofshagen – Member of the Scientific Steering Committee in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian Veterinay Institute. Åshild Krogdahl – Member of the Scientific Steering Committee in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian University of Life Sciences. Asbjørn Magne Nilsen – Member of the Scientific Steering Committee in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Trond Rafoss – Member of the Scientific Steering Committee in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research. Taran Skjerdal – Member of the Scientific Steering Committee in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian Veterinary Institute. Tor A. Strand – Member of the Scientific Steering Committee in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Centre for International Health, University of Bergen; 3) Innlandet Hospital Trust. Gaute Velle – Member of the Scientific Steering Committee in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norce Norwegian Research Centre; 3) University of Bergen. Yngvild Wasteson – Member of the Scientific Steering Committee in VKM. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Norwegian University of Life Sciences. Gro-Ingunn Hemre – Vice-chair of the Scientific Steering Committee. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) Institute of Marine Research. Vigdis Vandvik – Vice-chair of the Scientific Steering Committee. Affiliation: 1) VKM; 2) University of Bergen. Acknowledgments Heidi Amlund, Jonny Beyer, Anne Lise Brantsæter, Sara Bremer, Gunnar Sundstøl Eriksen, Espen Mariussen, Ingunn Anita Samdal, Cathrine Thomsen, all members of the VKM Panel on Contaminants, are acknowledged for their contribution to drafting this report. VKM Report 2019: 13 Competence of VKM experts Persons working for VKM, either as appointed members of the Committee or as external experts, do this by virtue of their scientific expertise, not as representatives for their employers or third party interests. The Civil Services Act instructions on legal competence apply for all work prepared by VKM. Declaration of interest Potential conflicts of interest have been considered and it was concluded that none of the participants had any conflict of interest. For further information, please contact VKM. VKM Report 2019: 13 Table of contents Ranking of substances for monitoring in foods, drinks and dietary supplements - based on risk and knowledge gaps ........................................................................................ 3 Preparation of the opinion ............................................................................................... 3 Authors of the opinion .................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................... 4 Competence of VKM experts ............................................................................................ 5 Declaration of interest .................................................................................................... 5 Table of contens for the tables ...................................................................................... 14 Summary .............................................................................................................. 15 Sammendrag på norsk ......................................................................................... 17 Abbreviations and glossary .................................................................................. 18 Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... 18 Glossary ...................................................................................................................... 19 Background as provided by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority ...................... 21 Terms of reference as provided by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority ........... 22 1 Substances in foods, drinks and dietary supplements that may pose a potential health risk ..................................................................................... 23 2 Ranking methodology .................................................................................. 26 3 Ranking of natural toxins ............................................................................. 30 3.1 Subgroup mycotoxins ........................................................................................... 35 Deoxynivalenol (DON) and modified forms .................................................. 35 Scores ................................................................................................... 35 References ............................................................................................. 36 Zearalenone (ZEN) and modified forms ....................................................... 37 Scores ................................................................................................... 38 References ............................................................................................. 39 T-2 (T2) and HT-2 (HT2) toxins and modified forms ..................................... 40 Scores ................................................................................................... 40 References ............................................................................................. 42 Alternariol (AOH) and Alternariol methyl ether (AME) ................................... 43 Scores ................................................................................................... 44 References ............................................................................................. 46 Enniatins (ENNs) ......................................................................................