This dissertation has been 65-5660 microfilmed exactly as received MALE LU, Sharad John, 1923- THE ANGLO-INDIANS: A PROBLEM IN MARGINALITY. The Ohio State University, Ph. D., 1964 Sociology, race question University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan THE ANGLO-INDIANS: A PROBLEM IN MARGINALITY DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Sharad John Malelu, B.A., M.S. ******** The Ohio State University 1964 Approved by Adviser Department of Sociology anc Anthropology ACmOWLEDOIEFrS Several names stand out among the many who gave of their substance to see th is work through to completion: lb's. Melba G riffin of the Graduate School s ta ff a t The Ohio State IMiversity, whose active interest and personal assistance melted away lâiat seemed at times to be impossible odds; Professor Brewton Berry for his wisdom, patience, and generosity these many long years; Professor Alfred Clarke who gave freely of his time and counsel when i t was needed most; and Professor Thomas lÿnon, adviser, colleague and friend, who converted a burdensome exercise into a vigorous intellectual challenge. To my wife Nanqy and all the boys, I offer my deepest gratitude for all they have endured so long, and so well. i i VITA May 191 1923 Born - Bombay, India 1949 • • • • • B.A«, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 1955 . • . • M.S., Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 1937-1959 « . « Visiting Assistant Professor, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 1939-1964 , , , Assistant Professor, Sacramento State College, Sacramento, California FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field; Sociology Studies in Race R elations, Professor Brewton Berry Studies in Theory, Professor Roscoe Hinkle Studies in Cultural Anthropology, Professor John Bennett Studies in Social Psychology, Professor Melvin Seeman i i i CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS........................................................ i i VITA ...................................................................................................................... i i i Chapter I . THE PROBLEM................................ 1 The problem ................................................................. .... 1 The m ethod ................................ 2 . Form of presentation ........................ 7 I I . MARGINALITY AND MARGINAL MEN................................................ 9 I I I . ANGLO-INDIANS IN THE CONTEXT OF MARGINALITY............... 24 Dimensions of Anglo-Indian Id e n tity ............................ 24 Anglo-Indian Commitment in the Context of Marginality . 28 The commitment to An^o-Indian education ................ 28 Orientations to Western society ......................................... 4o Descriptions of the colonial experience ...... 44 Contemporary Western so ciety ..................................... 48 Review and a n a l y s i s .................... 59 IV. REVIEW AND CONCLUSIONS............................................................ 66 APPENDIXES A. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ANGLO-INDIAN COMMUNITY........... ?6 B. THE PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESSES AT THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETINGS OF THE ALL INDIA ANGLO-INDIAN ASSOCIATION................ 84 C. THE ANGLO-INDIAN EFFORT ON BEHALF OF WESTERN EDUCATION . 96 D. THE QUESTIONNAIRE........................................... 105 E. SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESPONDENTS............... 108 F. SOCIOLOGICAL ARGUMENTS CONCERNING MARGINALITY........... 112 BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................................................................................... 119 IV CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM The problem The purpose of this study is to redefine the concept of margin­ ality and to apply the revised concept to the Anglo-Indian Community,^ Sociologists have given the concept of marginality an emphasis tdiich reflects the impact of exotic data on the discussion of the con­ cept, This is evident in continuing efforts to describe the marginal man as a racial or cultural hybrid, as one lAio liv e s on the borders of two cultures, as a man with conflicting or divided loyalties, as one Wio is hypersensitive, self-conscious, has an inferiority cb%dex or tries to be what he is not; or, in the picturesque images of Park and Stonequist respectively: « * , one whom fate has condemned to live in two societies and in two, not merely different but antagonistic, cultures,^ and , , « one lAo is poised in psydiological uncertainty between two (or more) social worlds; reflecting in his soul the discords and harmonies, repulsions and attractions of these worlds, • , ,"3 The term Community is used here to describe the historical and administrative entity known as the An^o-Indians, See Appendix A for a summary of the historical characteristics that define this social unit. E, Park, in an introduction to E. V, Stonequist, The Marginal Man (New York; Charles Scribner's Sons, 1937)* p. xv. 3 E. V, Stonequist, IMÉ#, P# 8. 1 2 Consequently» the literature has overemphasized one of the derived consequences of marginality; namely, the psychological stress which may be engendered in marginal men. This study seeks to uncover the basic idea of marginality, and to recast it as a sociological concept. To accomplish this purpose, the main sociological materials on marginality were examined to determine how sociologists were using the tezm,^ The analysis of these materials was based on the following considerations: Given the fact that culture contact situations give rise to an extended series of events, a useful way of ordering these events is to connect them with the discussion of marginality. Thus the events may be seen either as 1, the conditions under which marginal men come into being; or k In addition to the initial formulation by Park and Stonequist, six articles from sociology journals were used in the analysis. They are listed below in chronological order: 1. £• V, Stonequist, The Marginal Man. with an introduction by R. E. Park (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1937), 2. M, M. Goldberg, "A Qualification of the Marginal Man Theory," American Sociological Review. VI (February, 1941), 52-38, 3, A, Green, "A Re*axamination of the Marginal Man Concept," Social Forces. XXVI (December, 194?), 167-171, 4, E, C, Hughes, "Social Change and Status Protest: An Essay on the Marginal Man," Phvlon. X (First Quarter, 1949), 5 ^ 5 , 3, M, I, Wardwell, "A Marginal Professional Role: The Chiro­ practor," Social Forces. XXX.(March, 1932), 339-348, 6, A, C, Kerekhoff and T, C, McCormick, "Margizud Status and Personality, " Social Foreas. XXXIV (October, 1933), 48-55, 7* A, Antonovslgr, "Toward a Refinement of the Marginal Man Concept." Social Forces. XXXV (October, 1956), 57-62, Several other writers have used the terms marginal, marginality or marginal man, but the usage was either peripheral, or the issues they raised were dealt with much more fully in the selected materials. 3 2# conditions that define the social positions occupied by marginal men; or 3* events that describe the kind of e^eriences marginal men can be e:q)ected to have; or 4. events that describe the marginal man’s eiqieriences; or 5m events that characterize the more lasting personal and social consequences of or adjustments to marginality. On this basis, each writer’s work was analyzed by asking the following questions about it: What is his essential argument concerning the concept of marginality? With which of the clusters of events noted above is he primarily concerned? In dealing with the chosen cluster of events, how is he defining the concept of marginality? How does he deal with the other events related to the dis­ cussion of marginality? This procedure offered a way of identifying the cluster of events in terms of idiich each writer was defining the essential substance of the concept. It also indicated to idiat extent and how he was asserting the relevance of events that were related to the discussion in some way other than that stipulated ty him. In this way it was possible to relocate the substance of the concept of marginality on a level of discussion lAich focused attention on sociological events.^ Sociological events are events defined by their relationship to group phenomena as understood by sociologists. In this connection, the fundamental sociological tools are the concepts of status and role, and The revised concept was then projected on the Anglo-Indian situation in order to separate the problem of marginality from other types of experiences in idiich Anglo-Indians were involved. In these terms, the question concerning An^o-Indian marginality emerged as follow s: How are Anglo-Indians defining th e ir commitments to the peoples and institutions of Western society? The second part of this study called for the application of the revised concept of marginality to current data on the Anglo-Indian Community. The data were secured tqr examining the content of The Review. idiich is the official publication of ^ e All India Anglo-Indian Associ­ ation,^ and by administering a questionnaire to selected Anglo-Indians. The Review data consist primarily of the reports of four Annual General Meetings of the All Lidia Anglo-Indian Association. The value of choosing these data lies in the fact that the information is located in a social context from which its meaning and significance can be established ra th e r re a d ily . This was deemed more p ro fita b le than counting the number and frequent^ with which particular types of events occurred, especially in the light of the limited data available.