Technical Report Research Roadmap on Cooperating Objects (CONET Roadmap 2009) Mário Alves Björn Andersson Nouha Baccour Anis Koubaa Ricardo Severino Paulo Gandra de Sousa CISTER-TR-131109 Version: Date: 11/18/2013 Technical Report CISTER-TR-131109 Research Roadmap on Cooperating Objects (CONET Roadmap 2009) Research Roadmap on Cooperating Objects (CONET Roadmap 2009) Mário Alves, Björn Andersson, Nouha Baccour, Anis Koubaa, Ricardo Severino, Paulo Gandra de Sousa CISTER Research Unit Polytechnic Institute of Porto (ISEP-IPP) Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, 431 4200-072 Porto Portugal Tel.: +351.22.8340509, Fax: +351.22.8340509 E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], , [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] http://www.cister.isep.ipp.pt Abstract © CISTER Research Unit 1 www.cister.isep.ipp.pt Research Roadmap on Cooperating Objects Pedro Jos´eMarr´on, Stamatis Karnouskos, Daniel Minder and the CONET consortium Version: 1851 Date: 2010-01-05 18:54:37 +0100 (Tue, 05 Jan 2010) © All rights reserved. The CONET Consortium 2009 (www.cooperating-objects.eu) Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers To your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 67891011 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to00800numbersorthesecallsmaybebilled. More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2009 ISBN 978-92-79-12046-6 DOI 10.2759/11566 Cover background image: © www.pixblix.com CONET logo: © University of Bonn Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on its behalf is responsible for the use which might be made of the information contained in thepresentpublication. The European Commission is not responsible for the external web sites referred to in the present publication. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official European Commission’s view on the subject. © European Communities, 2009 Printed in Luxembourg Printed on white chlorine-free paper iii CONET Project Coordinator Prof. Dr. Pedro Jos´eMarr´on University of Bonn and Fraunhofer IAIS Institute of Computer Science IV Roemerstr. 164 D-53117 Bonn Germany Tel: +49-228-73-4220 Fax: +49-228-73-4508 E-mail: [email protected] http://iv.cs.uni-bonn.de http://www.cooperating-objects.eu CONET Roadmap Responsible Stamatis Karnouskos SAP Research SAP AG Vincenz-Priessnitz-Strasse 1 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany Tel: +49-6227-752515 Fax: +49-6227-7845799 Email: [email protected] http://www.sap.com Responsible EC Project Officer Dr. Jorge Pereira Principal Scientific Officer European Commission DG Information Society and Media Office BU31 05/21 B-1149 Brussels Belgium Tel: +32-2-296-1547 Fax: +32-2-299-4353 Email: [email protected] CONET research roadmap 2009 iv The CONET consortium CONET research roadmap 2009 v The work of creating this roadmap was carried out as part of activities performed within the European Project CONET, the Cooperating Objects Network of Excellence funded by the European Commission between June 1st,2008andMay31st,2012under contract number ICT-2007-2-224053. We would like to extend our deepest gratitude to the following individuals that have contributed to writing thisdocument: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit¨at Bonn (UBONN), Coordinator • Nils Aschenbruck • Matthias Gauger • Marcus Handte • Muhammad Haroon • Muhammad Umer Iqbal • Pedro Jos´eMarr´on • Daniel Minder • Robert Sauter • Chia Yen Shih Asociaci´on de Investigaci´on y Cooperaci´on Industrial deAndaluc´ıa(AICIA) • Fernando Caballero • Sabine Delaitre • Adri´an Jim´enez • Iv´an Maza • An´ıbal Ollero • Jos´eManuel S´anchez Matamoros • J. Ramiro Mart´ınez-de-Dios CONET research roadmap 2009 vi Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto - Instituto Polit´ecnico do Porto (ISEP) • M´ario Alves • Bj¨orn Andersson • Nouha Baccour • Anis Koubˆaa • Ricardo Severino • Paulo Gandra de Sousa Swedish Institute of Computer Science (SICS) • Adam Dunkels • Luca Mottola • Thiemo Voigt Eidgen¨ossische Technische Hochschule Z¨urich (ETHZ) • Kay R¨omer National University of Ireland, Galway (NUIG) • Manfred Hauswirth • Vinny Reynolds • Marco Z´u˜niga Technische Universit¨at Berlin (TUB) • Onur Ergin • Vlado Handziski • Andreas K¨opke • Thomas Mentzel • Andreas Willig • Daniel Willkomm CONET research roadmap 2009 vii University of Cyprus (UCY) • George Samaras • Panayiotis Andreou Universit`adi Pisa (UNIPI) • Antonio Bicchi • Gianluca Dini • Adriano Fagiolini • Lucia Pallottino • Ida Maria Savino • Riccardo Schiavi Technical University Delft (TUD) • Koen Langendoen • Otto Visser University College London (UCL) • Yang Yang SELEX Galileo (SELEX) • Graham Bourdon • George Matich SAP Research (SAP) • Stamatis Karnouskos Boeing Research and Technology Europe (BRTE) • David Scarlatti • Sudhakar S. Shetty • Ignacio Zozaya CONET research roadmap 2009 viii Schneider Electric (SCHNEIDER) • Armando Walter Colombo • Nataliya Popova Telecom Italia (TI) • Fabio Bellifemine • Claudio Borean • Alberto Cuda • Roberto de Bonis • Sinem Ergen • Massimo Maggiorotti • Marco Sgroi Universidad Pablo de Olavide (UPO), associated member • Luis Merino CONET research roadmap 2009 ix Several people have provided valuable feedback to our roadmap either directly reviewing the intermediate versions of the document or via the surveys that the CONET Consortium has conducted. We would like to thank the anonymous participants in the roadmap surveys and the following people that kindly provided us with their name and affiliation: Marco Aiello University of Groningen Ernesto A. Arzabala Contreras Instituto Tecnologico de Chihuahua Marcel Baunach University of W¨urzburg Jan Beutel ETH Z¨urich Tim Denis 52M Jean-Dominique Decotignie Centre Suisse d’Electronique etdeMicrotechnique(CSEM) Jarek Domaszewicz Warsaw University of Technology Martin Elixmann Philips Georg Gaderer Austrian Academy of Science Anders Isv´en Excellent Growth Methods (EXGM) Martin Klepal Cork Institute of Technology Costis Kompis VODERA Ltd. Ioannis Krontiris University of Mannheim Spyros Lalis University of Thessaly Lars-Ake˚ Larzon Uppsala University Gaby Lenhart European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) PatrickLoschmidt AustrianAcademyofScience Marco Martalo University of Parma PaoloMedagliani UniversityofParma Clemens M¨uhlberger University of W¨urzburg Ioannis Papaefstathiou Telecommunication Systems Institute PaoloProietti ELSAGDATAMATspa Davide Quaglia University of Verona / EDALAB S.R.L. Utz Roedig Lancaster University Vinay Sachidananda TU Darmstadt Albert Ali Salah Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica (CWI) Manolo Serrano ETRA Investigaci´on y Desarrollo, S.A Markus Taumberger VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Wei Wang ARM Koen Williame 52M CONET research roadmap 2009 x CONET research roadmap 2009 Contents List of Figures xix List of Tables xxi 1 Executive Summary 1 1.1 Definition of Cooperating Objects ....................... 2 1.2 State of the Art in Cooperating Objects Research ............... 3 1.2.1 Hardware ................................. 3 1.2.2 Algorithms ................................ 4 1.2.3 Non-functional Properties ........................ 5 1.2.4 Systems .................................. 7 1.2.5 Others ................................... 7 1.2.6 Conclusion ................................ 8 1.3 Innovative Applications ............................. 9 1.4 Market Analysis ................................. 10 1.5 Research Roadmap ................................ 11 1.5.1 Gaps and Trends ............................. 11 1.5.2 Timeline .................................. 12 1.6 Predominant Work Areas ............................ 13 1.7 Purpose and Intended Audience ......................... 14 2 Introduction to Cooperating Objects 17 2.1 Definition ..................................... 18 2.2 Data-centric Approaches ............................. 20 2.3 Service-centric Approaches ............................ 21 2.4 Enabling Technologies .............................. 22 xi xii CONTENTS 3 State of the Art in Cooperating Object Research 25 3.1 Hardware ..................................... 25 3.1.1 Sensor Calibration ............................ 25 3.1.1.1 Description and Relevance .................. 25 3.1.1.2 Existing Trends ........................ 26 3.1.2 Power Efficiency ............................. 27 3.1.2.1 Description and Relevance .................. 27 3.1.2.2 Existing Trends ........................ 27 3.1.3 Energy Harvesting ............................ 28 3.1.3.1 Description and Relevance .................. 28 3.1.3.2 Existing Trends ........................ 30 3.1.4 New Sensors and Low-cost Devices ................... 30 3.1.4.1 Description and Relevance .................. 30 3.1.4.2 Existing Trends ........................ 31 3.1.5 Miniaturization .............................. 31 3.1.5.1 Description and Relevance .................. 31 3.1.5.2 Existing Trends ........................ 31 3.1.6 Radio Resource Management ...................... 32 3.1.6.1 Introduction .......................... 32 3.1.6.2 Transmit Power Control .................... 33 3.1.6.3 Frequency Adaptation ..................... 33 3.1.6.4 Interference Mitigation Using Cognitive Radio Techniques .34 3.2 Algorithms .................................... 36 3.2.1 Localization ................................ 36 3.2.1.1 Range-Free ........................... 37 3.2.1.2