THE POLITICS OF SOCIALITY: SOCIAL NETWORKS AND INDIGENOUS MOBILIZATION IN PERUVIAN AMAZONIA By DANNY DAVID PINEDO A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2014 © 2014 Danny David Pinedo To my mother ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am deeply indebted to the Arakmbut people of Puerto Luz who generously shared their lives with me, tolerated my intrusive presence, and answered my insistent questions. In particular, I would like to thank the Tayori family (Lucho, Maribel, Marcos, Lupe, Tomás, Carmen, Javier, Virgina, Jorge, Asunción, “Chima,” “Rambo,” Ana, and Don Pablo), with whom I lived during my time in Puerto Luz. I learned from them most of what I know about the Arakmbut. I would also like to thank Delia Takori, who helped me to conduct the survey. The Irisanehua family gave me shelter and a hearth to cook when I first arrived in Puerto Luz. I am indebted to them too. My gratitude also goes to Juan de Dios Chimatani, Ezequiel Moqui, Pedro Takae, Roberto Nayori, Erasmo Manya, and Edi Ccotohuanca for their friendship. They were always ready to chat. In Puerto Maldonado, I must thank FENAMAD for giving me permission to conduct this research in some of its constituent communties. Jaime Corisepa and Klaus Kicque not only kindly accepted to have an interview with me but also opened their home to me. In FENAMAD I also thank Tomás Arique, Jorge Payaba, César Auguto Jojaje, and Alicia Fernández for their support. My thanks also to the FENAMAD personnel for their assistance. I am also grateful to Tom Moore (Director of Centro Eori), Alfredo García, and Zoila Arredondo for giving me institutional, logistical and intellectual support, but most importantly for their friendship and companionship during my days in Puerto Maldonado. Tom was kind enough to share with me his inconmensurable knowledge about the Harakmbut. Alfredo, Jenny, Tayana and Nico made me feel part of a family when nothing seemed to be working. I also want to thank the good friends I made in Puerto: Julio Cusurichi, Edgar Sulca, Ramiro Durán, Solveig Firing Lunde, Manolo Ponce de León, Claudia Durand, and Carla Merediz. 4 In Gainesville, I would like to thank the members of my supervisory committee, Drs. Marianne Schmink, Anthony Oliver-Smith, Brenda Chalfin and Eric Keys. Special thanks are due to my mentor and friend Dr. Schmink for her enormous advice, encouragement and friendship. I was very fortunate to have her as a mentor. My long conversations with Tony at the Starbucks in the HUB and in Coffee Culture helped me to clarify my theoretical doubts. My deep gratitude goes to Nita Bagnal, Karen Jones, Pam Freeman, and Pat King, from the Department of Anthropology, and Patricia Sampaio, from the Tropical Conservation and Development Program. This dissertation would not have been possible without their invaluable support. I am also thankful to my friends in Gainesville, without whom my life would have been less meaningful. First my thanks go to the “Peruvian gang:” Kato, Rafa, the other Rafa (Mendoza), Alfredo, Gina, Xanic, and Francisco. I also thank Alicia Peón, Joe Feldman, James Crandall, Miriam Dominguez, Jacob Lawson, Zach Cui, Simone Athayde, and Flavia Leite. Fieldwork for this research was financially supported by an Inter-American Foundation Grassroots Development Fellowship. A John M. Goggin Research Award, from the Department of Anthropology at the University of Florida, allowed me to return to the field for an additional month. The dissertation writing process received the financial support of the Bourse Bernard Lelong from the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (France). Funding for my doctoral study was generously provided by a Gordon and Betty Moore Graduate Scholarship for Tropical Forest Conservation and the Department of Anthropology at UF. An Amazon Conservation Leadership Initiative Summer Research Grant provided me with funds for preliminary doctoral research. I must also recognize the love and support of my parents, Gladys and Lucho, who proudly and patiently waited for this moment to come. I will keep reading, mom! Studying never 5 ends! Filito gave me the privilege to have a second mom. I not only want to thank her for all she gave us, but also apologize for my long absence. Similarly, I thank my brothers Freddy and Teddy, and my sisters Paola and Sally, for their patience and understanding. I also need to acknowledge the courage of my daughter María Jimena during my long absence. You know I love you! Finally, and most importantly, I am deeply indebted to Stephanie, for her love and support. She has been not only a great companion, but also an intellectual partner. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................................9 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................10 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................11 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................12 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................14 Amazonian Sociality ...............................................................................................................16 Social Networks and Social Movements ................................................................................20 Social Networks and Movement Participation ................................................................20 Social Networks as Social Capital ...................................................................................25 Cultures of Resistance ............................................................................................................30 Methods ..................................................................................................................................36 Fieldwork .........................................................................................................................36 Interviews ........................................................................................................................37 Household Survey ...........................................................................................................38 Participant Observation ...................................................................................................38 Archival Research ...........................................................................................................39 Structure of the Dissertation ...................................................................................................39 2 MADRE DE DIOS: A HISTORY OF INTER-ETHNIC RELATIONS ................................43 Antisuyo during the Inca Rule ................................................................................................44 Spanish Conquistadors, Coca and Gold..................................................................................50 Cinchona Bark and the Nation-State ......................................................................................56 Rubber Boom and the Mission ...............................................................................................59 Gold Rush and Oil Boom .......................................................................................................67 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................74 3 THE ARAKMBUT: IDENTITY AND LIVELIHOOD .........................................................80 Place and Population ...............................................................................................................82 Identity ....................................................................................................................................84 Livelihood ...............................................................................................................................92 Gold Mining ....................................................................................................................93 Gardening ......................................................................................................................101 Hunting and Fishing ......................................................................................................104 7 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................109 4 ARAKMBUT SOCIALITY .................................................................................................112 Kinship and Clan ..................................................................................................................115 Friends and Compadres ........................................................................................................127 Patrons and Clients ...............................................................................................................135 Community and Fiestas