PROTOGEOMETRIC AND GEOMETRIC CRETE Catharine Elizabeth Judson A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Classics in the School of Arts and Sciences. Chapel Hill 2018 Approved by: Donald Haggis Carla Antonaccio Sheila Dillon Jennifer Gates-Foster Herica Valladares © 2018 Catharine Elizabeth Judson ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Catharine Elizabeth Judson: Protogeometric and Geometric Crete Under the direction of Donald Haggis The Protogeometric period on Crete, generally the 10th and 9th centuries BCE, was characterized by a change in settlement patterns from small settlement clusters in Late Minoan IIIC to larger culture-regions defined by centralized and nucleated settlements linked to increasingly defined territories. Understanding the meaning of these changes in spatial structures and social organization, and their impact on later settlement patterns of the Cretan Early Iron Age requires a finer analytical scale and narrower temporal framework. It is, however, a necessary part of moving away from reductive historicizing narratives of palatial collapse or polis development prevalent in scholarship on Early Iron Age settlement development. Instead, reconstructing the material ways in which culture-regions were defined over the course of the Protogeometric period and beyond allows us to consider new approaches for tracking the early development of polities normally predicated on historical paradigms. This project gathers the published evidence for the Cretan Protogeometric period in order to develop new models for visualizing ways in which deliberately-constructed relationships between communities in shifting settlement systems acted as mechanisms for the definition of culture-regions. The “adherent model” suggests that communities that closely adhered to Late Minoan IIIC settlements and cemeteries through the re-use of older iii habitation sites for ritualized activities, such as burial or feasting, remained highly localized and organized according to close kinship ties for much of the Early Iron Age. In contrast, the “nucleated model” predicts a system in which communities abandoned Late Minoan IIIC sites over the course of the Protogeometric period and developed larger corporate groups at an earlier date. These models ascribe different relative rates of social cohesion to different spatial patterns at the regional and site levels. The usefulness of the adherent model for visualizing the spatial and cultural dimension of social change within communities over the course of the Early Iron Age is further explored through a series of case studies that examine differential patterns of mobility in habitation and ritual spaces. Case studies from the Kavousi region and Knossos underpin major parts of the discussion of these archaeologically visible patterns and their intersections with historical narratives. iv ACKOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the help and support of a large number of people. First and foremost is Donald Haggis, who sent me to Crete in 2012 (just for one summer, just to say that I had worked on Crete, before I went back to something Mycenaean-related in the Peloponnese!), taught me how to excavate properly over five years at Azoria, and handed me a thorny dissertation topic whose results will keep me busy for the rest of my career. I would also like to thank the rest of my dissertation committee for their helpful and generous feedback on the finished product. Many people on Crete and off helped with advice, encouragement, and insights on the Cretan Early Iron Age and on the dissertation process including, but not limited to: Florence Gaignerot-Driessen, Peggy Mook, Melissa Eaby, Rodney Fitzsimons, Todd Whitelaw, the Azoria and Anavlochos excavation teams, and the helpful and supportive staff of ASCSA and the INSTAP Study Center. My special thanks go to Anne Duray for being an excellent navigator and sounding board on multiple meandering road trips around Crete; and to Drew Cabaniss for talking me through stress, frustration, ArcGIS, and getting various vehicles out of untenable situations while hunting for sites on the weekends. My biggest thanks of course go to my family for being unfailingly supportive through the entire drawn-out process of graduate school. This dissertation was made possible through financial support from the Graduate School and the Research Laboratories of Archaeology at UNC, and the American School of Classical Studies at Athens. v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………………..viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS…………………………………………………………………….xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………1 Settlement development in the Cretan EIA……………………………………………….2 Pottery and Regional Chronologies……………………………………………………….8 History of Settlement Research………………………………………………………….16 CHAPTER 2: CATALOGUE OF SITES………………………………………………………..30 Catalogue A: Settlement sites……………………………………………………………34 Catalogue B: Extra-settlement cult sites………………………………………………..109 Catalogue C: Mortuary sites……………………………………………………………123 CHAPTER 3: MODELS OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT…………………………………169 East Crete……………………………………………………………………………….177 Central Crete……………………………………………………………………………194 West Crete………………………………………………………………………………203 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………..206 CHAPTER 4: SETTLEMENT PLANS AND SOCIAL COHESION…………………………207 Kavousi Kastro…………………………………………………………………………210 Knossos…………………………………………………………………………………220 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………………..235 vi CHAPTER 5: CULT AND FEASTING SPACES IN CONTEXT…………………………….239 EIA Cult and Communal Dining Building Types………………………………………240 Defining the Problem…………………………………………………………………...243 Case Studies…………………………………………………………………………….251 Kavousi…………………………………………………………………………251 Dreros…………………………………………………………………………...260 Ierapetra Isthmus………………………………………………………………..264 Lasithi…………………………………………………………………………..268 Prinias…………………………………………………………………………..271 Thronos Kephala………………………………………………………………..275 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………….277 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………280 FIGURES………………………………………………………………………………………287 WORKS CITED………………………………………………………………………………..344 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Chronologies of PG Cretan pottery…………………………………………………..288 Figure 2: Map of PG settlements on Crete……………………………………………………...289 Figure 3: Kavousi Kastro……………………………………………………………………….290 Figure 4: Kavousi Vronda………………………………………………………………………291 Figure 5: Vrokastro Upper Settlement………………………………………………………….292 Figure 6: Vrokastro Lower Settlement…………………………………………………………293 Figure 7: Anavlochos…………………………………………………………………………...294 Figure 8: Thesi Pezoula………………………………………………………………………...295 Figure 9: Knossos region……………………………………………………………………….296 Figure 10: Smari Prophitis Elias………………………………………………………………..297 Figure 11: Prinias Patela………………………………………………………………………..298 Figure 12: Prinias Patela………………………………………………………………………..299 Figure 13: Gortyn region……………………………………………………………………….300 Figure 14: Gortyn, Agios Ioannis………………………………………………………………301 Figure 15: Gortyn, Prophitis Elias……………………………………………………………...302 Figure 16: Phaistos……………………………………………………………………………...303 Figure 17: Phaistos, Geometric Quarter………………………………………………………...304 Figure 18: Thronos Kephala……………………………………………………………………305 Figure 19: Monasteraki Chalasmenos…………………………………………………………..306 Figure 20: Monasteraki Chalasmenos, LG oikos……………………………………………….307 Figure 21: Amnisos, Sanctuary of Zeus Thanatas……………………………………………...308 Figure 22: Kommos, Temple A………………………………………………………………...309 viii Figure 23: Kato Syme, Sanctuary of Hermes and Aphrodite…………………………………..310 Figure 24: Siderospilia cemetery, northeast sector……………………………………………..311 Figure 25: Kavousi region……………………………………………………………………...312 Figure 26: Vrokastro region, LM IIIC………………………………………………………….313 Figure 27: Vrokastro region, PG-G…………………………………………………………….314 Figure 28: Ierapetra Isthmus region…………………………………………………………….315 Figure 29: Northwest Lasithi region……………………………………………………………316 Figure 30: Karphi plateau………………………………………………………………………317 Figure 31: PG-Ar sites in the Lasithi Plateau…………………………………………………..318 Figure 32: Phaistos Geometric quarter, PG road……………………………………………….319 Figure 33: The Western Mesara in LM IIIC and PG-G………………………………………...320 Figure 34: Kavousi Kastro, Building G………………………………………………………...321 Figure 35: Building G construction phases……………………………………………………..322 Figure 36: Kavousi Kastro, Building K………………………………………………………...323 Figure 37: Kavousi Kastro, Northwest Building……………………………………………….324 Figure 38: Northwest Building construction phases……………………………………………325 Figure 39: Knossos, Unexplored Mansion……………………………………………………...326 Figure 40: Knossos, area of the Southwest Houses…………………………………………….327 Figure 41: Knossos, Villa Dionysos……………………………………………………………328 Figure 42: Knossos, KMF tombs……………………………………………………………….329 Figure 43: Boundaries of the EIA town of Knossos according to Coldstream…………………330 Figure 44: Boundaries of the EIA town of Knossos according to KULP………………………331 Figure 45: Vronda, Building A-B………………………………………………………………332 ix Figure 46: Vronda, Building G…………………………………………………………………333 Figure 47: Kavousi Kastro, Building H………………………………………………………...334 Figure 48: Azoria……………………………………………………………………………….335 Figure 49: Azoria, Protoarchaic Building………………………………………………………336 Figure 50: Azoria, Communal Dining Building………………………………………………..337 Figure 51: Azoria, 7th-century building under the Communal Dining Building……………….338 Figure 52: