Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03023-7 - Time in Early Modern Islam: Calendar, Ceremony, and Chronology in the Safavid, Mughal, and Ottoman Empires Stephen P. Blake Index More information Index Note to Index: An n after a page numbers denotes a note on that page. Abbas I (Safavid shah) Abdul Turab, Maulana, 151 ascension of, 24 Abdulcelili Chelebi “Levni,” 99–100 birth/horoscope of, 62 Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Umar al Sufi, 5 clockmakers, 51 Abu al-Fazl, 33, 62, 93, 101, 127, 161 death of, 26–7 Abu Mashar al-Balkhi, 12, 141, 142–4, 150, economic reforms of, 25 159, 170, 181 military campaigns of, 26, 42–3 Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, 81, 84 and Nau Ruz ritual, 82 Abu Said Bahadur, 16 and Nuqtavi movement, 35, 152–4, 173 Achaemenid empire religious beliefs of, 25, 77–8, 80 astronomical/astrological system in, 59 reorganization program of, 24–5, 152 calendar in, 49 slave soldiers of, 25 Nau Ruz celebration in, 81 Abbas II (Safavid shah), 27, 51, 172 regnal system in, 109 Abbasid empire Adelard of Bath, 181 and Ashura festival, 79 Afzal Khan, 121, 122, 158 astronomical treatises of, 142 agrarian system defeat by Osman, 37–9 inadequacies of lunar era in, 117 founding of, 144 in Ottoman empire, 40–1 and Kharaji Taxation Era, 137–8 Ahmad, Lutfallah, 61 and Nau Ruz, 82 Ahmad, Ustad, 61 slaves in, 39 Ahmad Sirhindi (Sheikh), 89 Abd al-Haqq Dihlawi (Sheikh), 163 Ahmed I (Ottoman emperor), 43 Abd al-Husayn Khatunabadi, 115 and official historians, 136 Abd al-Malik, 108 and Ramadan Festival, 96 Abd al-Malik Sajanwandi (Sheikh), 156 Ahmed III (Ottoman emperor) Abd al-Qadir Badauni, 124, 128–9, 140, and circumcision ceremony, 99–100 157–8, 160, 161 Ain-i Akbari (zij), 17, 56, 89, 93 Abd al-Rahim Khan-i Khanan, 61, 64, 121 Akbar, Jalal al-Din (Mughal emperor), 31–5 Abd al-Rahman Bistami, 165, 169, 170 astrologers of, 60–1, 62 Abdul Qasim Muhammad Kuhpaya Amri and celebration of Indic festivals, 94–5 Shirazi, 151, 152 and circumcision ceremony, 100–2 193 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03023-7 - Time in Early Modern Islam: Calendar, Ceremony, and Chronology in the Safavid, Mughal, and Ottoman Empires Stephen P. Blake Index More information 194 Index Akbar, Jalal al-in (Mughal emperor) (cont.) al-Kasim, Musa, 23 and Divine Era, 118–19 al-Kindi, 142–3 Divine Monotheism of, 34–5 Allawi Dynasty, Id-i Qurban in, 78–9, 84, 92 and Dussehra and Diwali, 89 The Almagest (Ptolemy), 12, 14, 16, 62, 65 and Id-i Maulid, 86–7 almanac (taqvim), 13, 18 and Id-i Qurban, 85–6 astrological tables, 54–5 and imperial birthday ceremony, 91, astronomical tables, 55 92–3, 94, 95 contents of, 11, 18–19 on injuring/killing animals according to dated, in Ottoman empire, 135 Turkish calendar, 118 historical tables, 55–6 introduces Divine Era calendar, 89, 138 in Mughal empire, 59–60, 63 “lasting reconciliation” policy of, of muneccim, 70–1 85–6, 118 of Safavid astrologers, 54–6 and Mahdawi movement, 156 in Safavid empire, 54–6 millenarianism backlash under, 173 undated, in Ottoman empire, 135 and Nau Ruz, 90 See also astronomical treatise (zij) non-Muslim religions influence on, 33–4 al-Mansur, Ahmad, 92 and Nuqtavi movement, 152, 157, 160–1 al-Mutawakkil, 82 orders compilation of Tarikh-i Alfi al-Rashid, Harun, 5 (Millennium History), 126–7 al-Rizwan, 5–6 and Sharif Amuli, 158–60 Alyas, Maulana, 62 solar era taxation system of, 117 amin (married followers), 150, 152 sulh-i-kull policy of, 33–5 Amuli, Sharif, 157–62 tolerance of, 35–6 animal sacrifice and Vasant, 87 determining time for, 59 and Zoroastrian calendar, 34, 89, 105, during Id al-Qurban, 9 124, 125 during Id-i Qurban, 76–9, 83–4, 85–6, Akbar, Muhammad, 101 92, 95 Akbar Nama (Abu al-Fazl), 34, 56, 62, 124, during Kurban Bayrami, 96 129–30, 140 by Muhammad, 77 fictitious petitions in, 124–5 Aristotle, 143, 181 millenarian characterization of Akbar in, Aryabhata, 60 161–2 Aryabhata II, 60 Akhlaq-i Jalali (Dawani), 120 Aryabhata-Siddhanta (Aryabhata), 60 Akhlaq-i Mansuri (Shiraz), 120 Asaf Khan, 64, 129 Alai (Sheikh), 156 Ashmole, Elias, 181 al-Bukhari, 97 Ashura festival, 9, 28 al-Din, Khwajah Saad, 71 in Abbasid empire, 79 al-Din, Rukn, 16 in Mughal empire, 86 Al-Din Jalal Dawani, 120 in Safavid empire, 76–7, 79–81, 83–4 Alexander (the Great), 170 askeri class (Muslim military), 42 Alfonsine Tables, 177 Astarabadi, Fazallah, 147, 149 algebra, as separate from mathematics, 15 astrolabe, 11, 13, 54, 62 al-Ghazali, 97 astrology Ali (son-in-law of Muhammad), 79 ancient Greek influence on Islamic, 12 Ali, Mustafa, 98, 136, 137, 165, 170 and Aurangzeb, 61, 63 Ali Adil Shah I, 122 Babylonian influence on, 59, 60 al-Islam of Isfahan (Sheikh; Majlisi II), 28 Greek, 13 al-Islam Qadizada (Sheikh), 73 and Humayun, 62 al-Jahiz, 13–14 Indian influence on Islamic, 12 al-Kashi, Jamshid Ghiyas al-Din, 17 Iranian influence on Islamic, 12 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03023-7 - Time in Early Modern Islam: Calendar, Ceremony, and Chronology in the Safavid, Mughal, and Ottoman Empires Stephen P. Blake Index More information Index 195 Islamic, 13–14 Beyazid II (Ottoman sultan), and and Sassanids, 52 circumcision ceremony, 98 See also munajjim (astronomer/ bin Umar, Mahmud, 63 astrologer); muneccim (astronomer/ Bistami. See Abd al-Rahman Bistami astrologer) Blochmann, H., 125 astronomical clock, in Ottoman empire, 68 Bon, Ottaviano, 96, 104 astronomical instruments The Book of Felicity (Muhammad ibn Amir of munajjim, 11–12, 54, 59, 62 Hasan al-Suudi), 169–70 of muneccim, 71 Brahe, Tycho, 17, 72, 177 in Ottoman empire, 66 Brahmagupta, 12, 60 astronomical treatise (zij) Brahma-Sphuta Siddhanta (Brahmagupta), Alfonsine Tables, 177 12, 60 contents of, 4, 5, 18 Busbecq, Ogier Ghiselin de, 67 European vs.Islamic, 177 in Indic system, 59, 60 calendar Islamic, 17–18, 60 defining, 3 Pahlavi, first, 52 See also calendar, in Mughal empire; in pre-Islamic in Iran, 52–3 calendar, in Ottoman empire; calendar, See also individual zij in Safavid empire; calendrical time astronomical/astrological system calendar, in Mughal empire, 56–9 Indic, influences on, 59, 60 Indic system, 56–9 Islamic, influences on, 12 Islamic system, 56 See also almanac (taqvim); astronomical observatories, 74–5 instruments; astronomical treatise (zij); zij (astronomical treatise), 75 observatories calendar, in Ottoman empire, 66–9 Ataturk, 134 astronomical clock, 68 Aurangzeb (Mughal emperor) astronomical instruments, 66 and astrology, 61, 63 day, definition of, 66, 69 criticism of Sharif Amuli under, 162 lunar Hijra calendar, 66 and festivals, 85, 86, 88, 89, 91 month, definition of, 69 and imperial birthday ceremony, 94, 95 muneccim, 66–7, 68–9, 69–75 and official history writing, 131–2, 140 observational clock, 69 religious beliefs of, 163 organization of day, 66 as ruler, 36 Rumi Takvim (Roman Calendar), 69 Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi, 163 solar calendar, 69 Autumnal Equinox, 2 timekeeping devices, 66 and Jewish calendar, 178 timekeeping technology, shift in, 66–9 week, definition of, 69 Babayan, Kathryn, 150n18, 153n31 calendar, in Safavid empire, 48–52 Babur, Muhammad Zahir al-Din (Mughal astronomical observatories, 53 emperor), 31, 47, 56, 57, 62, astronomical treatises, 53 89–90, 117 clock towers, 51 Babylonia, influence on astronomy/ Islamic temporal system, 53 astrology, 59, 60 mechanical clock, 51 Bacon, Roger, 181 migrations as popular way of locating/ Badauni. See Abd al-Qadir Badauni dating events, 51–2 Bahadur Shah, 36–7 munajjim, 50–1, 52–6 Bahmani Sultanate, 117–18 Shiite Muslim prayer times, 48 Bayaz-i Khushbui, 63 sundial, 50–1 Benedict (Saint), 174–5 traditional Islamic lunar calendar, 49 Beyezid I (Ottoman sultan), 39, 69, 132 water clock, 51 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03023-7 - Time in Early Modern Islam: Calendar, Ceremony, and Chronology in the Safavid, Mughal, and Ottoman Empires Stephen P. Blake Index More information 196 Index calendar, in Safavid empire (cont.) See also ceremonial time, in Ottoman Zoroastrian solar calendar, 48–50, 53–4, empire; ceremonial time, in Safavid 109–10, 183 empire calendrical time, 2–8 ceremonial time, in Mughal empire, Christian month, 175 84–95, 105 Christian year, 175 Ashura, 86 earth as natural time keeper, 2 Divine Era (Tarikh-i Ilahi) calendar gnomon, 5, 59, 176 introduced, 89 Gregorian calendar, 176 Diwali, 87, 88–9 Jewish month, 175 Dussehra, 87, 88, 89 Jewish year, 175 Holi, 87, 88 Julian calendar, 175–6 Id al-Fitr, 85 liturgical division of day in Islam, 3–5 Id-i Maulid (Birthday Festival), 86–7, lunar calendar, 7 92, 95 lunisolar calendar, 7–8, 175 Id-i Qurban, 85–6 moon as natural time keeper, 2–3 imperial birthday ceremony, 91–5 Muslim day of worship, choosing, 6 Indic (lunisolar) tradition, 87–9, 94–5 Muslim month, 175 introduced by Akbar, 91 Muslim year, 175 Islamic (lunar) tradition, 85–7, 94, 95 overview of, 19–20 Nau Ruz, 89–91 schematic Islamic calendar with months of redesigning of rituals, 94, 95, 105 definite number of days, 8 and salgirah (year knot), 92, 95 solar calendar, 175 and Tula Dana (Gift of Gold), 92–3 sun as natural time keeper, 3 Vasant (Basant), 87–8 sundial, 5, 176 weighing ceremony, 93–4, 95 water clock (clepsydras), 5–6, 16, 176 Zoroastrian (solar) tradition, 89–91 week, Christian, 175–6 ceremonial time, in Ottoman empire, 95–106 week, Judeo-Christian seven-day, 6, 175 coming-of-age ceremony for boys, 103–4 week, naming of Muslim days of, coming-of-age ceremony for girls, 103 6–7,