MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND CO-OPERATIVES DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY SERVICES AND LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT REPORT ON THE STATE OF ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES IN ZAMBIA A CONTRIBUTION TO THE FIRST REPORT ON THE WORLD’S ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES ZAMBIA FAnGR NATIONAL FOCAL POINT MAZABUKA EMAIL: [email protected] [email protected] NOVEMBER, 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Table of Contents i Acronyms used vi List of Tables viii Preface ix Acknowledgement x Chapter one 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Physiographic and Climatic Features 1 1.1.1 Climate 1 1.1.2 Human Population 1 1.2 Agro-Ecological Zones (Regions) 2 1.3.1 Forest Types 3 1.3.2 Agricultural Sector 4 1.3.3 Livestock Population 4 1.3.4 Livestock Enterprises 4 1.3.5 Supply of Genetic Materials 6 1.4.3.1 Local Source 6 1.4.3.2 Imported Genetic Materials 6 1.4.4 Trends in Livestock Production 7 1.5 Food Security 7 1.6 Human Population Trends 8 1.7 Role of Livestock 9 Chapter Two 2.0 The State of Animal Production Systems 10 2.1 Main Animal Production Systems in Zambia 10 i 2.1.1 The Traditional Production System 10 2.1.2 The Medium Scale Commercial Production System 10 2.1.3 The Large Scale Commercial Production System 11 2.2 The Most Important Animal Products and By-Products in Zambia 11 2.2.1 Poultry 12 2.2.2 Pigs 12 2.2.3 Sheep and Goats 12 2.2.4 Cattle 12 2.3 Major Trends and Significant Changes in the Use and Management of AnGR in Zambia 13 Chapter Three 3.0 The State of Livestock Genetic Diversity in Zambia 14 3.1 Locally Adapted Cattle Breeds 15 3.2 Recently Introduced Cattle Breeds 22 3.3 Continually Imported Cattle Breeds 23 3.3.1 Beef Breeds 24 3.3.2 Dairy Breeds 27 3.4 Small Ruminants 29 3.4.1 Locally adapted breeds 29 3.4.1.1 Sheep Breeds 29 3.4.1.2 Goat Breeds 29 3.4.2 Recently Introduced goats 31 3.5 Pigs 31 3.5.1 Locally adapted pig breeds 31 3.5.2 Recently introduced pigs breeds 33 3.6.1 Rabbits 34 3.6.2 Locally adapted rabbits breeds 35 ii 3.7 Horses 36 3.7.1 The Donkey 37 3.7.2 Breed Characterization and Conservation 38 3.7.3 Avian Species 39 3.7.4 Locally adapted poultry 39 3.11 Livestock Information Systems 44 Chapter Four 4.0 The State of Utilization of Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR) in Zambia 45 4.1 The State of Use of AnGR in Zambia 45 4.1.1 Policy and Legal Instruments 45 4.1.2 The State of Actual Use of Species 46 4.1.2.1 Poultry 47 4.1.2.2 Pigs 48 4.1.2.2.1 Sheep and Goats 48 4.1.2.3 Cattle 49 4.1.3 The State of Capacity to Use AnGR 49 4.1.3.1 Housing 49 4.1.3.2 Nutrition 50 4.1.3.3 Health 51 4.1.3.3 Breeding 51 4.1.3.3.1 Support Services 52 4.1.3.4 Trends and Future Use of AnGR 52 4.1.4 The State of Development of AnGR in Zambia 53 4.2.1 The State of Development of AnGR by Species 53 4.2.2 The State of Capacity for Development of AnGR by Species 54 4.2.2.1 Cattle 54 iii 4.2.2.2 Pigs 54 4.2.2.3 Sheep and Goats 54 4.3 Obstacles, Opportunities and need for use and Development of AnGR 55 4.3.1 Livestock Genetic Conservation 55 4.3.2 Possible causes of Genetic Diversity Decline or Erosion 55 4.3.2.1 Maintaining Genetic Diversity 56 4.3.2.2 Safe-guarding the Future 56 4.3.2.3 Special attributes 56 4.3.2.4 Social and Cultural Considerations 56 4.3.3 Conservation and Preservation 56 4.3.4 Responsibility 57 Chapter Five 5.0 The State of Conservation of AnGR in Zambia 58 5.1 Constraints for Conservation Strategy 59 5.2 Factors affecting the security of breeds 59 5.3 Improving the perception of AnGR Conservation 60 5.4 Networking 60 5.5 Traditional Knowledge 61 5.6 Priorities for enhancing capacity to develop conservation programmes 61 5.7 Action to be taken to ensure conservation of AnGR 61 Chapter Six 6.0 The State of Policy Development and Institutional Arrangements for AnGR 62 6.1 Legislative Framework for AnGR 62 6.2 Regulatory Framework 64 6.3 Intellectual Property Rights 64 7.0 References 67 iv 8.0 Annexes 68 v ACRONYMS USED A.I. - Artificial Insemination. AnGR - Animal Genetic Resources. CBD - Convention on Biodiversity. CBPP - Contagious Bovine Pleural Pneumonia. DAD-IS - Domestic Animal Diversity Information System. DVLD - Department of Veterinary and Livestock Development. ECZ - Environmental Council of Zambia. ET - Embryo Transfer. FAnGR - Farm Animal Genetic Resources. FAO - Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations. FDB - Food and Drug Board. GART - Golden Valley Agricultural Research Trust. GDP - Gross Domestic Product. GMO - Genetically Modified Organisation. IPR - Intellectual Property Rights. LDC - Livestock Development Centre. LDP - Livestock Development Plan. LDT - Livestock Development Trust. NAC - National Advisory Committee. NAIS - National Artificial Insemination Services. vi NALEIC - National Livestock Epidemiology Information Centre. NFP - National Focal Point. NGOs - Non-Governmental Organisations. NISIR - National Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research. RPDS - Rural Poultry Development Scheme. SADC - Southern African Development Community. TRIPs - Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights. UNDP - United Nations Development Programme. VAP - Village Agricultural Project. VTO - World Trade Organisation. ZABS - Zambia Bureau of Standards. vii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Breed performance information 16 2. Some phenotypic descriptions of locally adapted breeds of Ducks 43 viii PREFACE When the Director General of FAO invited member countries to participate in the preparation of a Country Report on the State of Animal Genetic Resources as a contribution toward the preparation of a global report on the state of the World Animal Genetic Resources, our government through the Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives willingly accepted the invitation and took up the challenge in preparing this report. Realizing that this was to be a national report, the strategy adopted was that of involving as many AnGR Stakeholders and animal scientists as possible. Three workshops were organized and held for AnGR Stakeholders and Data Contributors (animal scientists). This Country Report is therefore a product of collective effort of the relevant FAnGR Stakeholders, Animal Scientists and FAnGR National Focal Point on one hand and the financial support, of UNDP (FAO) and the Zambian government on the other hand. It is therefore our hope that the information contained in this Country Report will be of use to the Global Focal Point for the Management of Farm animal genetic resources at FAO headquarters, Rome, Italy. F.A. Zulu National Coordinator FAnGR programme Zambia ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The preparation of this Country Report on the state of our Animal Genetic Resources would not have been possible without the support of different Institutions, Stakeholders and individuals. I would like therefore to thank FAO through the Regional office of the FAO/SADC Programme for the Management of farm animal genetic resources for providing the necessary funds, which enabled us to hold three workshops for Stakeholders and data contributors during the preparation of the report. Complimentary funds received from the Zambian government through our department are hereby acknowledged. I would like to further thank all the data contributors (whose names are given at the end of the of this report) for their time and valuable contributions towards the preparation of this report. The reviewers did a commendable job by going through the different contributions from data contributors. Finally I would like to thank the National Co-ordinator of the Farm animal genetic resource programme and his team at the FAnGR National Focal Point for all the efforts in arranging the three Workshops selecting, editing and consolidating the selected contributions into this report. The FAnGR National Focal Point was a driving force behind the preparation of this Country Report and we are grateful for their contribution. Peter G. Sinyangwe (Dr) Director Veterinary Services and Livestock Development x THE STATE OF FARM ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES IN ZAMBIA CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1. PHYSIOGRAPHIC AND CLIMATIC FEATURES Zambia is a landlocked country. It has an area of 752,630 square kilometres lying on a plateau between altitude 900 and 1,500m above sea level. The highest parts of the plateau are in the North-east with the plateau sloping gradually to the South-west. The country is bordered by Angola, Botswana, D.R.Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania and Zimbabwe. It lies between latitudes 8o and 18o South of the Equator and Longitudes 22o and 35o East of Greenwich line. 1.1.1.CLIMATE The climate in Zambia is very much influenced by the high altitude. The country has three distinct seasons, a cool dry season (May to August), a hot dry season (September to October) and a hot wet season (November to April). Temperature ranges from 10oC to 27oC in the dry season and from 27oC to 38oC in the hot/wet season. 1.1.2. HUMAN POPULATION The human population in Zambia is estimated at 10.28 million with an annual growth rate of about 2.9%. About 45% of the country's population live in urban areas. The human population density is 11 persons per square kilometre.