1 The Ideological Transformations of Islamic Social Movements in Egypt – The Cases of the Muslim Brotherhood and the Salafist Call between 1981-2013. Von der Fakultät für Gesellschaftswissenschaften der Universität Duisburg-Essen zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Dr. rer. pol. genehmigte Dissertation von Obaid, Hasan aus Abha, Saudi-Arabien 1. Gutachter: PD Dr. Jochen Hippler 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Andreas Blätte Tag der Disputation: 06 Februar 2018 2 Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................................. 7 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................... 8 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND JUSTIFICATIONS ......................................................... 11 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW: CONCEPTUALIZING THE IDEOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF ISLAMIC SOCIAL MOVEMENTS ................................................ 27 2.1 Essentialism .............................................................................................. 27 2.2 Contextualism ........................................................................................... 29 2.3 Political Opportunity Structure (POS) ................................................... 30 2.4 Inclusion-Exclusion Hypothesis ............................................................... 34 2.5 Methods of Analysis of the Egyptian Regimes (1952-2011) ................... 44 CHAPTER 3: MICHAEL MANN’S THEORY OF SOCIAL POWER AND HAKAN YAVUZ’S TYPOLOGY ................................................................................................................................... 49 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 49 3.2 Marx, Weber, and Mann ......................................................................... 51 3.3 Michael Mann’s Theoretical Work: Four Sources of Social Power ..... 52 3.3.1 Ideological Power .............................................................................. 54 3.3.2 Economic Power .............................................................................. 56 3.3.3 Military Power .................................................................................. 59 3.3.4 Political Power and State Power ...................................................... 64 3.4 A Typology of Islamic Social Movements ............................................... 73 3.4.1 Society-Oriented Islamic Movements ............................................... 73 3.4.2 State-Oriented Islamic Movements ................................................... 74 3 CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH QUESTIONS, ARGUMENTS, METHODS, AND DESIGN .......... 77 4.1 Research Objectives and Questions ......................................................... 77 4.2 Thesis Argument ...................................................................................... 79 4.3 Methodology Perspectives ...................................................................... 81 4.3.1 The MB and SC Case Study Perspective .......................................... 82 4.3.2 Data and Sources of Data .................................................................. 84 4.4 Research Design ....................................................................................... 85 4.5 Organization of the Thesis ....................................................................... 88 CHAPTER 5: CHANGES WITHIN THE EGYPT REGIME (1981-2014) ................................... 91 5.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 91 5.2 Ideological Power under Mubarak ........................................................... 93 5.2.1 Sectarianism and the Manufacturing of Minorities ........................... 94 5.2.2 Non-Ideological Justifications for Domination ................................. 96 5.2.3 Polarization of Ideological Institutions ............................................. 98 5.2.4 Conclusion ....................................................................................... 101 5.3 The Economics of Liberalization ........................................................... 101 5.3.1 Egyptian Privatization ..................................................................... 104 5.3.2 Socio-Economic Transformation .................................................... 106 5.3.3 Political-Economic Elite .................................................................. 110 5.3.4 Economic Challenges after 25 January 2011 .................................. 114 5.4 The Military–Power Networks Relationship .......................................... 117 4 5.4.1 The Military and Political Power in the Time of Mubarak: Influence and Suppression ...................................................................................... 119 5.4.2 Capitalist–Liberal Militarism in the Mubarak period ...................... 123 5.4.3 The Army Abandons the Political Elite .......................................... 128 5.4.4 Semi-Authoritarian Militarism ........................................................ 131 5.5 Political Power: The Rise and Fall of Mubarak ..................................... 134 5.5.1 Political Hegemony ......................................................................... 135 5.5.2 Relations with NGOs ....................................................................... 141 5.5.3 An Increase in Protest Movements .................................................. 144 5.6 Conclusion .............................................................................................. 152 CHAPTER 6: THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD ................... 154 6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 154 6.2 The Muslim Brotherhood and the Successive Egyptian Regimes ......... 157 6.3 The Brotherhood under Mubark ............................................................. 164 6.3.1 Fluidity and Mobility between the Centers and the Peripheries ..... 165 6.3.2 Emerging Splits within the MB ....................................................... 169 6.4 Changes in the MB's Ideological Perspectives ....................................... 174 6.4.1 The Copts ........................................................................................ 175 6.4.2 Egypt’s ‘Muslim Sisterhood’ and women’s rights .......................... 180 6.4.3 Civil State ........................................................................................ 185 6.5 Networks and Changes in Alliances ....................................................... 188 5 6.5.1 The Salfist Alliance ......................................................................... 189 6.5.2 Alliances with non-Islamic Groups ................................................. 198 6.6 The MB and Power Networks ................................................................ 204 6.6.1 The MB and Economic Policies ...................................................... 205 6.6.2 Growing Dominance within the Political Network ......................... 213 6.6.3 Dealing with Military Networks ...................................................... 224 6.7 Conclusion .............................................................................................. 229 CHAPTER 7: THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE SALAFIST CALL .................................... 230 7.1 Introduction: ........................................................................................... 230 7.2 Salafism: Origin and Political Evolution ................................................ 231 7.3 The Salafist Call in the Mubarak Era ..................................................... 240 7.3.1 Avoiding Conflict; Ideological Justifications .................................. 240 7.3.2 Society-Oriented Explanation ......................................................... 242 7.4 State-Oriented Explanation and the Solidarity of the SC’s Structure .... 245 7.4.1 The Official Organization after 25th January 2011 ......................... 245 7.4.2 Internal Divisions ............................................................................ 247 7.5 Changes in the SC's Ideological Perspectives ........................................ 251 7.5.1 The SC and Women ........................................................................ 252 7.5.2 The SC and Copts ............................................................................ 253 7.5.3 The Civil State ................................................................................. 258 6 7.6 Networks and Changes in Alliances ....................................................... 261 7.6.1 Relationship with Salafist Movements ............................................ 261 7.6.2 Alliances with Non-Islamists .......................................................... 267 7.7 The SC and Power Networks ................................................................. 271 7.7.1 Economic Policies ........................................................................... 271 7.7.2 After Mubarak: Dealing with Political Networks ........................... 273 7.7.3 Dealing with Military Networks ...................................................... 275 7.8 Conclusion .............................................................................................