THESIS on BASKET-MAKING Submitted to the Faculty of the OREGOU AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE for the degree of Bachelor of Science in DOMESTIC 3CIE1TCE AlID ART Redacted for privacy June, 1911. Approved Redacted for privacy Departtment of X3%tn, . "^Wj Redacted for privacy Dean SSfcool o TABLE OF COITTEHTS Introduction ----- page 1 Reed --------- » 6 Raffia -_- « 16 Splint -------- » 26 Sweet Grass ----- • 28 Conclusion ------ « 31 3ASKET-MAKING Though we travel the world over to find the beautiful. We must have it with us or we find it not. — Emerson. Beauty is something which is undefina- ble, although it is universal. It is possi ble for us to become well versed in the his tory of art, also in the biographical data pertaining to the lives of artists, and yet find ourselves far removed from any true ap preciation of art. In every field of art we find a predominance of individual art over tradition, while religion and custom determine the material, conception, and treatment of art, in the time in which it exists. Today, what we need most is workers who oan approach each new problem unhampered by tradition, though open-minded to any structural suggestions which the past may offer, seeking to express in a straightforward, clear way, something of our lives, our times, and our environment. As we look at the best works of art produced in this country, we find they were made to sat isfy the strong instincts of the soul and the love of the beautiful and sublime, and no long er to simply meet the needs of the church, which was the former aim in art. The question of the origination of art at once confronts us. The origin is not easy to establish, as everywhere we find the evidence of art, although it is often blotted out by the pro duction of later civilizations. The period is as uncertain as the place. While one nation dates the origin of its art several thousand years B. C, another nation is still looking for it to come. It is probable, however, that different types of art originated in a similar manner and in differ ent localities. The particular type of art described in this volume is the art of basketry. The simple weav ing of baskets is comparatively an easy problem, so far as technique is concerned. Notwithstand ing this fact, basket-making is a difficult art, since there is involved in it so much aside from the technique. In thinking of basketry, we immediately associate it with the Indians, as it is the art in which they excel. Each nation or tribe has a different type of art peculiar to it, and it is because of the adaptation of the Indians' art to basketry that their success in this field has been so distinctly marked. It is the inclination of those who have not studied the art of Indians to pronounce it a simple art. This is not a just accusation, as nearly all their de signs are made to symbolize religious thoughts, superstitions, or ideas foremost in the minds of some particular tribe. In considering their art we must remember that the Indians were slaves to superstition. Taking into consideration the cir cumstances under which they worked,their art is worthy of much admiration. The purpose of this volume is to give prac tical assistance to those who may be interested in basket-making. The problems discussed in this book have been carefully planned and execut ed, applying fundamental principles of color, form, and design. Many of the difficulties in basket-making, which we have experienced, cannot be foreseen by reading concerning them. We have endeavored to give the reader some sug gestions concerning the designing of baskets, cost of materials, use of materials and fin ished articles, also the time and labor involved in the work. We can present only a fev/ finished pieces of the many problems possible in basketry, but we hope they may be sufficient to suggest many ideas which can be executed, and that it may encourage any one interested in basket-malt ing to attempt the problems suggested. Among the first difficulties we encounter is that of designing. Designing is an art in itself- Ruskin has said, "Drawing may be taught by tutors, but design only by heaven." We may make designs working from the simple to the com plex; from the known and obvious to the unknown 4 and difficult, but the real value of the de sign is in the thought it frames, the stimu lus it furnishes, and the principle it de fines. The study of design stimulates within us, imagination, aids us in developing origi nal thought, strengthens our judgment, and em bodies within us the power to express ourselves through the materials used. The question may be asked — where shall we go to find ideas for designs? "Go to nature." Here you will only find suggestions, but they will be sufficient to inspire you so that with study, imagination, and originality, designs may be produced. There are, however, many other things which are necessary and which aid in de signing, but through it all we must remember that it is not elaborateness, but simplicity which lends attractiveness. It is the definite individual character of an object which makes beauty. — W. H. Hunt. Reed is a species of the grass family found in the United States, Southern Europe, and Eastern Asia. The reed used in commerce comes principally from Eastern Asia. This oriental reed, which is used for commercial purposes, has a woody stalk very different from ordinary grasses. Our commercial reed is also obtained from the rattan, a palm vine sev eral hundred feet long, which is brought from the Orient and the Philippine Islands. The long canes are taken to the factories, where the out er surface is removed in ribbons, which are used for caning seats- After this process is com pleted, the canes are passed through other ma chines which peel off more of the outer surface. At the center lies the reed which is placed on the market. The sizes of this reed vary accord ing to the sizes of the vine. The larger sizes of reeds are sometimes cut into thin slices called "flats". Every person interested in reed work should know the different sizes of reed and be able to distinguish good and poor quali ties. Upon these two factors depend the qual ity, beauty, and usefulness of the baskets. A good quality of reed is white and smooth. Poor reed has a dark color, and is very stringy on the surface; it breaks readily, and the stringy surface, as one may observe, does not make an attractive basket. Equally as import ant is the knowledge of the sizes of reed. A beautifully shaped, small basket could be made very unattractive by using large, course reed. Consider the other extreme; a large basket should be made with large reed, which makes it much more durable and gives it attractive propor tions. The following information will give assist ance in the selection of reed: Size Price 1 (largest) $.90 per pound 2 .70 "" 3 .55 "" 4 .50 "" 5 .40 "" 6 (smallest) .35 " " The first thing to consider in the malt ing of a reed basket is the size and shape of the basket, and second, the design. The latter includes the arrangement of spokes in the cen ter, and the different weaves to be used in the construction and border designs. By the combi nation of weaves, much originality may be ob tained in design. A description of the simpler, more fundamental weaves and designs both in cen ters and borders will be considered before leav ing this subject. The length of spokes is determined by tak ing the diameter of the bottom of the basket plus twice the height and an extra length on each spoke for the border, this depending on the kind of border desired. The weavers used should be one or two sizes smaller than the spokes, or the same size if the spokes are used double. Reed should be soaked in warm water for a few minutes to make it pliable. A caution should be observed here; avoid soaking the reed for too long a time or it will become stringy and will 8 swell and in drying, will shrink and leave open spaces in the basket. Always work with dry reed when possible. A satisfactory method for soaking reed is that of tying the spokes in a bundle with a cord or a piece of undyed raffia; tying each weaver in a separate coil and soaking these in warn water for five minutes, or in cold water for fifteen minutes. Small reed does not require as long a time for soak ing as large reed. Weavers come only in oertain lengths, and so in the process of making, new weavers must be inserted. This may be done by laying the end of the new weaver along with the end of the weav er which is being used, and weave on as before. The end of the new weaver should be long enough to prevent its coming out during the construction of the basket. When the work is completed, the ends may be cut off with a sharp pair of scissors or knife. The weaving of a reed basket may be done in many different ways. There are several distinct weaves, and many designs may be produced by a combination of these. The "Simple" or "Over and Under" weave is made by carrying the weaver over one spoke or group of spokes and under the next.