Journal of Crustacean Biology Advance Access published 24 August 2019 Journal of Crustacean Biology The Crustacean Society Journal of Crustacean Biology 39(5), 574–581, 2019. doi:10.1093/jcbiol/ruz055 Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jcb/article-abstract/39/5/574/5554142/ by University of New England Libraries user on 04 October 2019 Development in culture of larval spotted spiny lobster Panulirus guttatus (Latreille, 1804) (Decapoda: Achelata: Palinuridae) Jason S. Goldstein1, Hirokazu Matsuda2, , Thomas R. Matthews3, Fumihiko Abe4, and Takashi Yamakawa4, 1Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve, Maine Coastal Ecology Center, 342 Laudholm Farm Road, Wells, ME 04090 USA; 2Mie Prefecture Fisheries Research Institute, 3564-3, Hamajima, Shima, Mie 517-0404 Japan; 3Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, 2796 Overseas Hwy, Suite 119, Marathon, FL 33050 USA; and 4Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultual and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657 Japan HeadA=HeadB=HeadA=HeadB/HeadA Correspondence: J.S. Goldstein: e-mail: [email protected] HeadB=HeadC=HeadB=HeadC/HeadB (Received 15 May 2019; accepted 11 July 2019) HeadC=HeadD=HeadC=HeadD/HeadC Ack_Text=DisHead=Ack_Text=HeadA ABSTRACT NList_lc_rparentheses_roman2=Extract1=NList_lc_rparentheses_roman2=Extract1_0 There is little information on the early life history of the spotted spiny lobster Panulirus guttatus (Latreille, 1804), an obligate reef resident, despite its growing importance as a fishery re- BOR_HeadA=BOR_HeadB=BOR_HeadA=BOR_HeadB/HeadA source in the Caribbean and as a significant predator. We cultured newly-hatched P. guttatus BOR_HeadB=BOR_HeadC=BOR_HeadB=BOR_HeadC/HeadB larvae (phyllosomata) in the laboratory for the first time, and the growth, survival, and mor- BOR_HeadC=BOR_HeadD=BOR_HeadC=BOR_HeadD/HeadC phological descriptions are reported through 324 days after hatch (DAH). Phyllosomata were ° BOR_Extract3=BOR_HeadA=BOR_Extract1=BOR_HeadA cultured at 25 C in a flow-through seawater system within a series of custom 80 l plankton- kreisel tanks and provided with ongrown Artemia and mussel gonad. Mean body length (BL) of EDI_HeadA=EDI_HeadB=EDI_HeadA=EDI_HeadB/HeadA phyllosomata was 1.70 mm (N = 10) at hatch and increased linearly to 22.20 mm at 226 DAH EDI_HeadB=EDI_HeadC=EDI_HeadB=EDI_HeadC/HeadB (N = 3). Morphological characters from a total of 164 sampled phyllosomata were ascribed to EDI_HeadC=EDI_HeadD=EDI_HeadC=EDI_HeadD/HeadC nine distinct developmental stages (stages I-IX), and described and illustrated. Although no final stage phyllosomata (stage X) were obtained, the BL in the final stage was extrapolated at ERR_HeadA=ERR_HeadB=ERR_HeadA=ERR_HeadB/HeadA 39.6 mm using a Gompertz function, expressing the relationship between phyllosoma stages ERR_HeadB=ERR_HeadC=ERR_HeadB=ERR_HeadC/HeadB and BL. The total duration of phyllosomata for P. guttatus was estimated at 410 d, with the ERR_HeadC=ERR_HeadD=ERR_HeadC=ERR_HeadD/HeadC 5th and 95th percentiles at 334 and 526 d, respectively. Our data suggest that P. guttatus has a larger body size in the final larval stage and a substantial pelagic larval duration compared ERR_Extract3=ERR_HeadA=ERR_Extract1=ERR_HeadA with other related panulirid lobsters in its geographic range. The described morphological NList_dot_numeric2=AHead=NList_dot_numeric=AHead and biological attributes associated with the early-life history for this species can inform future BOR_NList_dot_numeric2=AHead=BOR_NList_dot_numeric=AHead studies, and add value to models of distribution and population connectivity. HeadA=HeadA=HeadA=HeadA/HeadA Key Words: aquaculture, early life-history, Gompertz function, Guinea lobster, kreisel, phyllosoma INTRODUCTION biological information on early-life history characteristics, espe- cially details relevant to the pelagic larval phase (i.e. phyllosoma) The spotted spiny, or Guinea, lobster, Panulirus guttatus (Latreille, and duration for this species. Larval studies of the more 1804) is an obligate reef inhabitant found throughout the economically-significant congener Panulirus argus Latreille, 1804 shallow waters of the southern Gulf of Mexico and the typcially do not distinguish between other panulirud larvae (i.e., Caribbean from Bermuda to Suriname (Holthuis, 1991). This phyllosomata) and potentially obscure observations and studies common and wide-ranging species, although a target in arti- of the numerically less abundant P. guttatus (Yeung & McGowan, sanal harvesting activities (Evans & Lockwood, 1994; Sharp 1991; Canto-García et al., 2016). The lack of differentiation be- et al., 1997) is not currently threatened by large-scale fishing tween these species for ecological and fisheries studies is likely operations; however, localized declines may be occurring and confusing given the striking differences in size and morph- are cause for concern (Acosta & Robertson, 2003; Wynne & ology of the subsequent post-larval (puerulus) phase (Lyons & Côté, 2007; Butler et al., 2011a). Importantly, there exists little Hunt, 1997). While molecular methodologies can, for the most © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Crustacean Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: [email protected] DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURED PANULIRUS GUTTATUS PHYLLOSOMATA part, unambiguously differentiate adults and larvae of P. argus, placed into a 1500 l flow-through holding tank with artificial shel- P. guttatus, and P. laevicauda Latreille, 1817 (e.g., Silberman & ters and fed live Batillaria sp. (Gastropoda), frozen fish, shrimp, or Walsh, 1992), only one formal study of the phyllosoma phase squid daily ad libitium. After eight weeks, three females (two with of P. guttatus describes the morphological features of middle- external eggs and one without external eggs) and four males were and late-stage phyllosoma stages (stages VI to X) from speci- placed into plastic bags infused with 100% oxygen, packed into mens collected in waters around Cuba (Baisre & Alfonso, 1994). styrofoam boxes, and transported by airfreight from Miami, FL, Other biological traits during the pelagic larval phase (e.g., pe- USA to Osaka, Japan. Upon their arrival in Japan (21 June), the lagic larval duration, growth rate) have never been reported for lobsters were placed in an oxygenated 200 l tank and transported Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jcb/article-abstract/39/5/574/5554142/ by University of New England Libraries user on 04 October 2019 P. guttatus. The parametrization of such biological data are crit- by automobile to Mie Prefecture Fisheries Research Institute, ical for furthering our understanding of the early-life history Mie. The adult lobsters were held in a 1,000 l fiberglass flow- of this complex larval phase and help contribute much needed through tank at a temperature of 24.0 ± 0.3 °C and fed fresh knowledge for differentiating this species from others (P. argus mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819) and frozen krill. and P. laevicauda) throughout its range. One of the two females that were carrying external eggs dropped Studies on the culture of the phyllosoma of palinurid (spiny) her eggs in a few days after arrival in Japan, while another fe- lobsters have long been successful in better discerning the full male with external eggs continued to hold her eggs as they de- phyllosoma phase as well as to produce juveniles for aquaculture- veloped through to hatching. Just prior to hatching, the female related applications (e.g., Matsuda & Takenouchi, 2007; Phillips & lobster with extruded eggs (46.4 mm CL) was isolated in a 100 l Matsuda, 2011). Several spiny lobster species have so far been the black polyethylene tank so that we could collect phyllosomata for subject of such studies, and culture techniques for larval palinurid culture. On the morning of 28 June 28, ~ 200,000 newly hatched lobsters have progressed substantially, thereby yielding increased phyllosomata were observed at the tank’s surface. A total of 800 survivorship and overall production of these larval lobsters in phyllosomata from those larvae that showed a strong positive controlled environments (Goldstein & Nelson, 2011; Jensen et al., swimming response to overhead lights were collected at the sur- 2011; Phillips & Matsuda, 2011; Fitzgibbon & Battaglene, 2012). face using a small glass collection vessel and subsequently used in It still remains unclear if culturing P. guttatus from eggs through our culturing system. their putative phyllosoma stages is compatible with current culture technology and methodologies in the laboratory. Given some of Culture tank and system design the life-history traits for this diminutive species, including an adult growth rate that is comparable to other Panulirus lobsters (Hunt & A drum-shaped tank, “plankton-kreisel” (hereon “kreisel)”, Lyons, 1986; Negrete-Soto et al., 2002; Robertson & Butler, 2003), was used for the culture of phyllosomata culture (Fig. 1). The there is the possibility that this species has potential as a candidate kreisel was originally designed for culturing zooplankton by for aquaculture. Greve (1968) and is routinely used to rear and exhibit gelat- We cultured newly hatched phyllosomata of P. guttatus using inous zooplankton at public aquariums (Raskoff et al., 2003; techniques modified from those used in P. japonicus (Matsuda et al., Goldstein & Nelson, 2011). The tank used for this study was 2006) and P. argus (Goldstein