PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI THE PRONUNCIATION OF ALVEOLAR-ALVEOLAR AND BILABIAL-ALVEOLAR CONSONANT CLUSTERS IN ENGLISH WORDS BY INDONESIAN LEARNERS OF ENGLISH AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By NOVALITA PRADNYA PARAMITHA Student Number: 154214110 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2019 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI THE PRONUNCIATION OF ALVEOLAR-ALVEOLAR AND BILABIAL-ALVEOLAR CONSONANT CLUSTERS IN ENGLISH WORDS BY INDONESIAN LEARNERS OF ENGLISH AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By NOVALITA PRADNYA PARAMITHA Student Number: 154214110 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS UNIVERSITAS SANATA DHARMA YOGYAKARTA 2019 ii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI iii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI iv PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and that, to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the text of the undergraduate thesis. v PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiwa Universitas Sanata Dharma Nama : Novalita Pradnya Paramitha Nomor Mahasiswa : 154214110 Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul THE PRONUNCIATION OF ALVEOLAR-ALVEOLAR AND BILABIAL-ALVEOLAR CONSONANT CLUSTERS IN ENGLISH WORDS BY INDONESIAN LEARNERS OF ENGLISH beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan, dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin kepada saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis. Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal 14 Maret 2019 Yang menyatakan, vi PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI vii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI viii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would certainly send my deepest gratitude to Allah SWT for giving me literally everything so that I can finish this research on time. I know that thanking Him is not always enough, remembering Him along with His whole bless and mercy toward all things in my life. Nonetheless, my gratefulness for Him is not able to be delivered through this piece of paper only. Secondly, I will not forget my beloved thesis advisor I have decided to choose since the 3rd semester, Arina Isti‘anah, S.Pd., M.Hum. since she has guided me wholeheartedly during this thesis writing. I thank my co-advisor, Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum. as well for always willing to give her time for me catching up the thesis defense in this tight deadline. The third gratitude goes to my parents (Bapak and Ibu), brother (Dek Yoga), and sisters (Dek Leyla and Dek Aliya) for supporting me through ups and downs of mine in life. We are not always together, yet I am sure their prayers do not stop for me. Fourthly, I also intend to show lots of appreciation to my friends, especially The Micins—they say—(Ayu, Putri, Mba Uus, Vatma, and Widi) for always loving, embracing, and accompanying me during my life in the college. My college life could have been worse without them all for sure. I really do not know what I have done to deserve them. Besides, my thanks also go to my whole friends and all of people around me, I cannot mention one by one, having supported and taken care of me as life goes on and on. ix PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................... ii APPROVAL PAGE .......................................................................................... iii ACCEPTANCE PAGE ..................................................................................... iv STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ................................................................ v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH .............................................................................................................. vi MOTTO PAGE ................................................................................................. vii DEDICATION PAGE ....................................................................................... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................. x LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................ xiii ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... xiv ABSTRAK ........................................................................................................... xv CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .................................................................... 1 A. Background of the Study ..................................................................... 1 B. Problem Formulation ........................................................................... 5 C. Objectives of the Study ........................................................................ 5 D. Definition of Terms ............................................................................. 6 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ................................................ 9 A. Review of Related Studies ................................................................... 9 B. Review of Related Theories................................................................. 13 1. Phonology ..................................................................................... 14 a. English Consonants Sound System ......................................... 15 i. Consonants Based on the Place of Articulation .................. 15 ii. Consonants Based on the Manner of Articulation .............. 17 b. Indonesian Consonants Sound System .................................... 20 i. Indonesian Stop Consonants ............................................. 20 ii. Indonesian Fricative Consonants ....................................... 21 iii. Indonesian Affricate Consonants ...................................... 23 iv. Indonesian Nasal Consonants ............................................ 24 v. Indonesian Lateral Consonant ........................................... 25 vi. Indonesian Flapped Consonant .......................................... 25 vii.Indonesian Approximant Consonants ................................ 26 2. The Comparison of English and Indonesian Consonants Sound System ................................................................................ 26 3. Consonant Clusters ........................................................................ 27 4. Phonological Processes .................................................................. 29 a. Assimilation and Dissimilation .................................................. 30 b. Feature-Changing Rule .............................................................. 31 c. Insertion ..................................................................................... 31 d. Deletion...................................................................................... 32 x PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI e. Metathesis .................................................................................. 32 5. Orthography ................................................................................... 33 C. Theoretical Framework ........................................................................ 34 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ................................................................ 36 A. Object of the Study ............................................................................... 36 B. Approach of the Study .......................................................................... 38 C. Method of the Study .............................................................................. 38 1. Data Collection ................................................................................. 38 2. Data Analysis .................................................................................... 40 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULT AND DISCUSSION ......................... 45 A. The Pronunciation of Alveolar-Alveolar and Bilabial-Alveolar Consonant Clusters by the Participants ............................................... 45 1. The Pronunciation of Alveolar-Alveolar Consonant Clusters by the Participants ................................................................................. 48 a. Nasal-Stops ................................................................................... 49 b. Fricative-Stops ............................................................................. 50 c. Nasal-Fricatives