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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 HUTSLAR, John Lee, 1939- SOCIAL FACTORS INFLUENCING SUPERIOR MALE BOWLING. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1975 Education, physical !: |. | Xerox University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48io6 THIS DISSERTATION HAS BEEN MICROFILMED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED. SOCIAL FACTORS INFLUENCING SUPERIOR MALE BOWLING DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University by John Lee Hutslar, B.Sc. in Edu., M.S ***** The Ohio State University 1975 Reading Committee: Approved By Dr. Seymour Kleinman, Chairman Dr. Russell Dynes Dr. Barbara Nelson Adviser 'School of Physical Education ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to express his gratitude to Drs. Seymour Kleinman, Russell Dynes, and Barbara Nelson for their assistance in the preparation of this manu­ script. VITA July 27, 1939........... Bora - Springfield, Ohio 1963 ................... B.Sc. in Edu., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1963-1966. .............. Physical Education Teacher, Hubbard Ohio Board of Educa­ tion 1966-1967 ........ ......... Graduate Assistant, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 1970 ................ .. M.S., The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 1967-197 3.................. Instructor, Assistant Pro­ fessor of Physical Education, The McKeesport Campus of The Pennsylvania State Uni­ versity, McKeesport, Pennsyl­ vania 1973-1975.............. Graduate Teaching Associate, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio PUBLICATIONS "The Relationship Between Selected Personality Traits and Bicycle Ergometer Endurance." Unpublished Master1s Thesis, The Pennsylvania State University, 1970. "Collegiate Athletic Non-Participation." Journal of Health. Physical Education and Recreation. XLIII (April, 1972), pp. 64-65. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Physical Education Studies in Sport Sociology Studies in Administration Minor Field: Sociology TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. ................ ....... ii VITA ....................... iii LIST OF T A BLES ........... viii LIST OF FIGURES............... ix Chapter I. INTRODUCTION AND STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM . 1 INTRODUCTION..................... .. 1 Genesis of the Problem............... 1 THE PROBLEM ................. 3 Significance of the Problem ......... 3 Statement of the Problem............. 4 Delimitations— Scope of the Study . 6 Limitations— Weaknesses of the Study. 6 Definition of T e r m s ........... 8 Format of the Presentation....... 10 II. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE............ 11 BIRTH O R D E R ......... 11 Summary of the Birth Order Literature . 22 FAMILY. ........ 23 Summary of the Family Literature. 30 SOCIALIZATION/LEARNING. ........... 32 Summary of the Socialization and Learning Literature . 37 COHESIVENESS. ............. 38 Summary of the Cohesiveness Literature. 40 SUMMARY . 4 1 V Chapter Page III. PROCEDURES OF THE INVESTIGATION.........42 THE SEMI-STRUCTURES INTENSIVE INTERVIEW TECHNIQUE............ 42 SELECTION OF THE SUBJECTS ........ 46 THE INTERVIEW PROCESS .......... 48 The Interview Period. ............. 49 The Interview Setting ............ 50 The Interview . .5 0 ANALYSIS OF THE MATERIAL. ........ 53 RETROSPECTIVE COMMENTS. ......... 56 IV. DESCRIPTION OF TIE SCRATCH BOWLERS. 58 INTRODUCTION........ .. .. 58 The S c e n e ............. 59 THE SCRATCH BOWLERS........... 62 Change Your Game........... 74 The Pro Tour: "Out There".......... .. Let Go.............................. 80 O i l ............. 83 Spotty Conditions ........ 88 The OTBA................. 89 The P BA ............. 90 TYPOLOGY OF BOWLERS .......... 94 Marginal................. 95 Coming U p ...........................96 Peak......... 96 Slipping..................... 97 Let Go................. 97 SUMMARY ................... 100 V. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE BOWLING. 104 INTRODUCTION...................... 104 PARENTS .......... ........... 104 SIBLINGS. ................... 109 ECOLOGY....................... 117 PEERS ................................ 120 SOCIALIZATION ................ 131 Really Concentrating......... 136 Tournaments ............... 142 SUMMARY . ............. 152 vi Chapter Page VI. SUMMARY, DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS .... 158 SUMMARY . ...................... 158 DISCUSSION. ....................... 159 Problems. ..... 159 Marital Status. .. 160 Work Problems ...... 162 Skill Problems................... 168 Age Problems. 169 Interest Problems . .. 170 Solution and Hypothesis ........ 172 Concentration...................... 180 Implementation. ............... 185 Educational Implications Drawn From This Study. ................ 189 CONCLUSIONS ....... ............... 193 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY .... 194 BIBLIOGRAPHY .... ...... 196 APPENDIX A ......................................... 202 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Demographic Information of the Scratch Bowlers Interviewed . ......... 64 2 Categorization of Subjects According to the Typology of Scratch Bowlers.......... 101 3 Age and Impetus for Introduction to the S p o r t ................... 110 4 Birth Order and Type of League in Which Bowlers Began the Sport . .. 117 5 Johari Awareness Model. ............. 135 6 Scratch Bowlers’ Involvement in Bowling Occupations by Problems......... 167 7 Division of Scratch Bowlers According to Full-Time Bowling and Non-Bowling Occupations, Problems and Non-Problems. 176 8 Division of Scratch Bowlers According to Integrated and Non-Integrated Bowling, Work, and/or Family; Problems and Non- Problems; and Marital Status. ...... 177 9 Typology of Bowlers by Life Style . 181 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Profile of the Oil Pattern on a " Blocked Lane" . ............. 85 2 Typology of Scratch Bowlers ....... 99 ix CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION AND STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM INTRODUCTION Genesis of the Problem While teaching physical education in grades one through eight, this writer observed that younger siblings in a given family were inclined to exhibit better physi­ cal performance in class than were their older siblings. That is, younger siblings tended to perform physical edu­ cation activities more capably among their age-mates than did their older siblings among their respective age-mates. There has been a great deal of sociological and psychological study of birth order and its influence on achievement and performance. However, little research has been conducted to examine how birth order influences skilled sport performance. Adams stated, in a review of birth order literature, ". one feels intuitively that this and other variables should make a difference in per­ sonality, behavior, or some aspect of social existence."^ ■^Bert N. Adams, "Birth Order: A Critical Review," Sociometrv. XXXV (1972), 411. 1 2 Not only does one feel that siblings should in­ fluence this social existence, but one cannot avoid the assumption that family— mother and father— should also have an impact on social development. Beisser pointed out the negative influence of the family upon one of its members. Jack, an ex-football player suffered from emo­ tional paralysis which involved severe depression. As 2 a youngster his family held certain expectations of him. His desire to emulate his older brothers was intense since he hoped in this way to win his father's interest. He tried to tag along with the brothers when he could. Although they were rough and teased him, on other occasions they did encourage him and taught him some fundamentals of the game.3 It was predestined that Jack would be a foot­ ball player and that he would be