A PROJECT REPORT ON 4G MOBILE COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND ENHANCEMENTS Submitted by V.S. HARINEE Under the guidance of Dr. V. N. SASTRY, PROFESSOR Centre for Mobile Banking (CMB) Institute for Development & Research in Banking Technology (IDRBT), Hyderabad In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING INSTITUTE FOR DEVELOPMENT & RESEARCH IN BANKING TECHNOLOGY (IDRBT), HYDERABAD JUNE 2018 i INSTITUTE FOR DEVELOPMENT AND RESEARCH IN BANKING TECHNOLOGY, HYDERABAD BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE Certified that this project report “4G MOBILE COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AND ENHANCEMENTS” is the bonafide work of “V.S. HARINEE” who carried out the project work under my supervision during the period between 21-05-2018 and 15-06-2018, at Centre for Mobile Banking (CMB), Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology, Hyderabad. Dr. V. N. SASTRY, PROFESSOR, Centre for Mobile Banking (CMB), Institute for Development & Research in Banking Technology (IDRBT), Hyderabad ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The internship opportunity I had with Institute for Development & Research in Banking Technology (IDRBT) was a great chance for learning and professional development. Therefore, I consider myself as a very lucky individual as I was provided with an opportunity to be a part of it. I am also grateful for having a chance to meet several wonderful people and professionals who led me though this internship period. I take this opportunity to express my deepest gratitude and special thanks to the Shri G. Raghuraj, General Manager - Administration of Institute for Development & Research in Banking Technology (IDRBT) who in spite of being extraordinarily busy with her/his duties, took time out to hear, guide and keep me on the correct path and allowing me to carry out my project at their esteemed organization and extending during the training. I express my deepest thanks to Shri P. Parthasarathi, Chief Technology Officer for taking part in useful decision & giving necessary advices and guidance and arranged all facilities to make life easier. I gratefully acknowledge his contribution. It is my radiant sentiment to place on record my best regards, deepest sense of gratitude to Dr. V. N. Sastry, Professor, Institute for Development & Research in Banking Technology (IDRBT) for his careful and precious guidance of the project work, which were extremely valuable for my study, both theoretically and practically. I perceive this opportunity as a big milestone in my career development. I will strive to use gained skills and knowledge in the best possible way, and I will continue to work on their improvement, in order to attain desired career objectives. Hope to continue cooperation with all of you in the future. Yours Sincerely, V.S. Harinee iii INDEX CHAPTER NO TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NO 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Communication ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Block diagram ............................................................................................... 2 1.2 Wireless communication ....................................................................................... 4 2. EVOLUTION OF MOBILE COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 9 2.2 First Generation 1G ................................................................................................. 9 2.3 Second Generation 2G .......................................................................................... 10 2.4 Third Generation 3G ............................................................................................. 11 2.5 Fourth Generation 4G ........................................................................................... 12 2.6 Fifth Generation 5G .............................................................................................. 13 3. 4G MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS 3.1 LTE ....................................................................................................................... 14 3.1.1 Interference in LTE TDD system ............................................................... 15 3.2 Wi Max ................................................................................................................ 17 3.2.1 Evolution of Wi Max ................................................................................... 17 3.2.2 Spectrum issues ........................................................................................... 19 iv 3.3 LIFI ....................................................................................................................... 20 3.3.1 Li-Fi Channel .............................................................................................. 23 3.4 GIFI ....................................................................................................................... 25 3.4.1 Gigabit wireless features ............................................................................. 26 3.4.2 Applications -Gi-Fi technology ................................................................... 27 3.4.2 Benefits of Gi-Fi technology ....................................................................... 28 3.5 Comparative Analysis ........................................................................................... 30 4. ENHANCEMENTS TO 5G 4.1 5G New Radio ....................................................................................................... 32 4.2 Working of 5G NR ................................................................................................ 34 CONCLUSION REFERENCES v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AMPS – Advanced Mobile Phone System AMTS –Advanced Mobile Telephone Systems AP – Access Point CDMA – Code Division Multiple Access CMOS- Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor CP – Cyclic Prefix CO – Central Office DCO-OFDM – Direct Current Optical – Orthogonal Frequency DFT – Discrete Fourier Transform DSL – Digital Subscriber Line DVB – Digital Video Broadcasting EDGE – Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution eMBB – Enhanced Mobile Broadband FDD – Frequency Division Duplexing FDMA – Frequency Division Multiple Access FFT – Fast Fourier Transform 5G NR – Fifth Generation New Radio G – Generation GIFI – Gigabit Wireless GPRS – Global Packet Radio Service GSM – Global System for Mobile Communications HiperMAN – High Performance Radio Metropolitan Area Network HSPA – High Speed Packet Access vi IFFT – Inverse Fast Fourier Transform IM/DD – Intensity Modulation and Direct Detection IMT – Improved Mobile Services IR – Infrared IrDa – Infrared Data Association IoT – Internet of Things LD – Laser Diode LED – Light Emitting Diode LIFI – Light Fidelity LTE – Long Term Evolution MAN – Metropolitan Area Network MBAN – Mobile Body Area Network MIMO – Multiple Input Multiple Output MMS – Multimedia Message mMTC – Masive Machine Type Communications MTS – Mobile Telephone Systems NOMA - Non- Orthogonal Multiple Access OFDM – Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing PCS – Personal Communication Services PDA – Personal Digital Assistant PTT – Push to Talk QAM – Quadrature Amplitude Modulation QoS – Quality of Service RF – Radio Frequency SA – Standalone vii SC –FDMA – Sub-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access SIC – Successive Interface Cancellation SINR – Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio TDD – Time Division Duplexing T/FDMA – Time/Frequency Multiple Division Access 3GPP – Third Generation Partnership Project UE – User Equipment UMTS – Universal Mobile Telecommunication System uRLLC – Ultra-reliable and Low-Latency Communications VLC – Visible Light Communication VT – Vectored Transmission WiFi – Wireless Fidelity WiMAX – Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access WLAN – Wireless Local Area Network WPA – WiFi Protected Access WWWW – Wireless World Wide Web viii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS COMMUNICATION 1.1 Communication Communication is the process of information exchange by establishing connection or link between entities. Communication is essentially the basic process of exchanging information. The electronic devices which are used for communication purpose are called communication equipments. Different communication equipments when assembled together form a communication system. Example of communication system are line telephony and line telegraphy, radio telephony and radio telegraphy, radio broadcasting, point-to-point communication and mobile communication, radar communication, computer communication, television broadcasting, radio aids to navigation, radio telemetry, radio aids to aircraft landing etc. Figure 1.1 represents the basic block diagram of communication system. medium Figure 1.1: Communication system 1 1.1.1 Block Diagram of Communication System (a) Information Source A communication system serves to communicate a message or information. This information is originated from the information source. In general, there can be different messages in the form of words or group of words etc. However, out of the numerous messages, only the coveted message is chosen and conveyed. Thus, we can state that the function of information source is to create required message which has to be transmitted. (b) Input Transducer Device which converts one form of energy into another form is knows as a transducer. The message from the information source may or may not be electrical in nature. For a situation when the message produced