WAIVER - PLAIN ERROR - HARMLESS ERROR .................................. 1 §54-1 Forfeiture ..................................................................................................... 1 §54-1(a) Generally ........................................................................................... 1 §54-1(b) Application of the Forfeiture Rule .............................................. 5 §54-1(b)(1) No Trial Objection; Delayed Trial Objection; Withdrawn Objection ........................................................................... 5 §54-1(b)(1)(a) Issue Forfeited ............................................................ 5 §54-1(b)(1)(b) Issue Not Forfeited .................................................... 8 §54-1(b)(2) Issue Raised in a Pretrial Motion in Limine ................ 12 §54-1(b)(3) Issue Not Raised in a Post-Trial Motion; Post-Trial Motion Untimely ................................................................................. 13 §54-1(b)(3)(a) Issue Forfeited .......................................................... 13 §54-1(b)(3)(b) Issue Not Forfeited .................................................. 16 §54-1(b)(4) Issue Not Raised in the Trial Court; Issue Raised for the First Time on Direct Appeal; Issue Not Subject to Forfeiture ............................................................................................. 19 §54-1(b)(4)(a) Issue Forfeited .......................................................... 19 §54-1(b)(4)(b) Issue Not Forfeited .................................................. 24 §54-1(b)(5) Objection on a Specific Ground; Objection on an Inconsistent or Different Ground ................................................... 28 §54-1(b)(5)(a) Generally .................................................................... 28 §54-1(b)(5)(b) Issue Forfeited .......................................................... 29 §54-1(b)(5)(c) Issue Not Forfeited .................................................. 30 §54-1(b)(6) General Objection ............................................................... 32 §54-1(b)(6)(a) Generally .................................................................... 32 §54-1(b)(6)(b) Issue Forfeited .......................................................... 32 §54-1(b)(6)(c) Issue Not Forfeited .................................................. 33 i §54-1(b)(7) Agreed to or Invited Error; Stipulated Evidence ........ 34 §54-1(b)(7)(a) Generally .................................................................... 34 §54-1(b)(7)(b) Issue Forfeited .......................................................... 36 §54-1(b)(7)(c) Issue Not Forfeited .................................................. 40 §54-1(b)(8) Basis for Objection is Trial Judge’s Conduct ............... 42 §54-1(b)(9) Forfeiture During Appeal – Issue Not Raised in Original Appellate Brief, Reply, PRH, PLA .................................. 45 §54-1(b)(9)(a) Issue Forfeited .......................................................... 45 §54-1(b)(9)(b) Issue Not Forfeited .................................................. 47 §54-1(b)(10) Forfeiture in Collateral Proceedings ............................. 50 §54-1(b)(10)(a) Issue Forfeited .......................................................... 50 §54-1(b)(10)(b) Issue Not Forfeited .................................................. 51 §54-1(b)(11) Forfeiture by the State ...................................................... 53 §54-1(b)(11)(a) Issue Forfeited .......................................................... 53 §54-1(b)(11)(b) Issue Not Forfeited .................................................. 57 §54-1(b)(12) Other Considerations ........................................................ 59 §54-1(b)(12)(a) Issue Forfeited .......................................................... 59 §54-1(b)(12)(b) Issue Not Forfeited .................................................. 60 §54-1(c) Forfeiture Not Applicable – Voidness and Constitutional Claims ......................................................................................................... 61 §54-2 Plain Error ................................................................................................. 64 §54-2(a) Generally ......................................................................................... 64 §54-2(b) Clear and Obvious Error ............................................................. 66 §54-2(c) Closely Balanced Prong ............................................................... 68 §54-2(d) Substantial Rights Prong ............................................................ 72 ii §54-2(e) Application of Plain Error Rule ................................................. 81 §54-2(e)(1) Jury Selection Error .......................................................... 81 §54-2(e)(1)(a) Plain Error ................................................................ 81 §54-2(e)(1)(b) No Plain Error .......................................................... 84 §54-2(e)(2) Prosecutorial Misconduct ................................................. 85 §54-2(e)(2)(a) Plain Error ................................................................ 85 §54-2(e)(2)(b) No Plain Error .......................................................... 89 §54-2(e)(3) Evidentiary Issues .............................................................. 91 §54-2(e)(3)(a) Plain Error ................................................................ 91 §54-2(e)(3)(b) No Plain Error .......................................................... 97 §54-2(e)(4) Trial Judge’s Remarks ....................................................... 99 §54-2(e)(4)(a) Plain Error ................................................................ 99 §54-2(e)(4)(b) No Plain Error .......................................................... 99 §54-2(e)(5) Jury Instruction Error .................................................... 100 §54-2(e)(5)(a) Plain Error .............................................................. 100 §54-2(e)(5)(b) No Plain Error ........................................................ 107 §54-2(e)(6) Sentencing Errors ............................................................ 110 §54-2(e)(6)(a) Plain Error .............................................................. 110 §54-2(e)(6)(b) No Plain Error ........................................................ 114 §54-2(e)(7) Other .................................................................................... 116 §54-2(e)(7)(a) Plain Error .............................................................. 116 §54-2(e)(7)(b) No Plain Error ........................................................ 120 §54-3 Harmless Error and Structural Error ............................................... 121 §54-3(a) Generally ....................................................................................... 121 iii §54-3(b) Structural Error .......................................................................... 124 §54-3(c) Non-Structural Constitutional Error – Harmless Beyond a Reasonable Doubt Standard ............................................................. 126 §54-3(d) Factors in Harmless Error Analysis ........................................ 130 §54-3(d)(1) Whether the Evidence Is Overwhelming or Closely Balanced ............................................................................................. 130 §54-3(d)(1)(a) Harmless Error ....................................................... 130 §54-3(d)(1)(b) Not Harmless Error ............................................... 134 §54-3(d)(2) Whether the Error Could Have Affected The Witness’s Credibility in a Case in Which Credibility is Crucial to the Verdict 139 §54-3(d)(2)(a) Harmless Error ....................................................... 139 §54-3(d)(2)(b) Not Harmless Error ............................................... 139 §54-3(d)(3) Whether the Error Is of a Substantial or Insubstantial Nature 140 §54-3(d)(3)(a) Harmless Error ....................................................... 140 §54-3(d)(3)(b) Not Harmless Error ............................................... 141 §54-3(d)(4) Whether the Properly-Admitted Evidence Is Similar to or Cumulative of the Erroneously-Admitted or Erroneously- Excluded Evidence ........................................................................... 141 §54-3(d)(4)(a) Harmless Error ....................................................... 141 §54-3(d)(4)(b) Not Harmless Error ............................................... 143 §54-3(d)(5) Whether Corrective Action Occurred .......................... 144 §54-3(d)(5)(a) Harmless Error ....................................................... 144 §54-3(d)(5)(b) Not Harmless Error ............................................... 144 §54-3(d)(6) Whether the Error was Repeated or Was Merely a Single, Isolated Incident ................................................................. 146 §54-3(d)(6)(a) Harmless Error ....................................................... 146 iv §54-3(d)(6)(b) Not Harmless Error ............................................... 146 §54-3(d)(7) Whether the Error Was Emphasized or Highlighted 146 §54-3(d)(7)(a) Harmless Error ....................................................... 146 §54-3(d)(7)(b) Not Harmless Error ............................................... 146 §54-3(d)(8) Whether the Cumulative Errors Were Prejudicial ... 147 §54-3(d)(8)(a) Harmless Error ....................................................... 147 §54-3(d)(8)(b) Not Harmless