I S S N 1 3 9 2 - 7 3 7 X I S B N 3-447-09371-4 Archivum Lithuanicum 6 1 2 Archivum Lithuanicum 6 KLAIPËDOS UNIVERSITETAS LIETUVIØ KALBOS INSTITUTAS ÐIAULIØ UNIVERSITETAS VILNIAUS UNIVERSITETAS VYTAUTO DIDÞIOJO UNIVERSITETAS ARCHIVUM Lithuanicum 6 HARRASSOWITZ VERLAG WIESBADEN 2004 3 Redaktoriø kolegija / Editorial Board: HABIL. DR. Giedrius Subaèius (filologija / philology), (vyriausiasis redaktorius / editor), UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO LIETUVIØ KALBOS INSTITUTAS, VILNIUS, DR. Ona Aleknavièienë (filologija / philology), LIETUVIØ KALBOS INSTITUTAS, VILNIUS HABIL. DR. Saulius Ambrazas (filologija / philology), LIETUVIØ KALBOS INSTITUTAS, VILNIUS DOC. DR. Roma Bonèkutë (filologija / philology), KLAIPËDOS UNIVERSITETAS PROF. DR. Pietro U. Dini (kalbotyra / linguistics), UNIVERSITÀ DI PISA DR. Jolanta Gelumbeckaitë (filologija / philology), HERZOG AUGUST BIBLIOTHEK, WOLFENBÜTTEL LIETUVIØ KALBOS INSTITUTAS, VILNIUS DR. Birutë Kabaðinskaitë (filologija / philology), VILNIAUS UNIVERSITETAS PROF. HABIL. DR. Rûta Marcinkevièienë (filologija / philology), VYTAUTO DIDÞIOJO UNIVERSITETAS, KAUNAS DOC. DR. Bronius Maskuliûnas (filologija / philology), ÐIAULIØ UNIVERSITETAS MGR. Jurgis Pakerys (filologija / philology), VILNIAUS UNIVERSITETAS PROF. HABIL. DR. Jochen D. Range (kalbotyra / linguistics), ERNST-MORITZ-ARNDT-UNIVERSITÄT GREIFSWALD DR. Christiane Schiller (kalbotyra / linguistics), MARTIN-LUTHER-UNIVERSITÄT HALLE-WITTENBERG, FRIEDRICH-ALEXANDER-UNIVERSITÄT ERLANGEN-NÜRNBERG PROF. DR. William R. Schmalstieg (kalbotyra / linguistics), PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY DOC. DR. Janina Ðvambarytë-Valuþienë (filologija / philology), ÐIAULIØ UNIVERSITETAS © Lietuviø kalbos institutas 4 Archivum Lithuanicum 6 Archivum Lithuanicum 6 The year 2003 was the 350th anniversary of the first printed Lithuanian grammar of Daniel Klein. The year 2004 is the 350th anniversary of his second grammar (Compendium). This volume of Archivum Lithuanicum opens with articles devoted to the first Lithuanian grammars. Elizabeth NOVICKAS analyzes the printing and proofreading of Kleins gram- mars. This is the first investigation of the genesis of a Lithuanian book in the seventeenth century. Novickas discusses the collaboration of the author, printer, fair copy maker, compositor, and proofreader. She also describes the grammars themselves, especially their errata. The printer Johann Reusner had limited typefounding experience; although he did cast some of the diacritics that were necessary to print Kleins text, he also resorted to borrowing characters from other fonts. As a result, Reusner often used Antiqua and Schwabacher style characters in the same word. The complexity of Kleins material required the compositor(s) to be working continuously with at least three cases of type. Apparently Klein was not able to read the proofs at the printers before the pages went to press, thus he could not check and correct all the text in advance. These factors, together with the laisser- faire attitude toward spelling that was typical of that time period, resulted in numerous typographical errors. Novickas has determined that unlike the Grammar, Klein and/or the printer had foreseen the list of errata in the Compendium in ad- vance. Kleins relations with the printer were tense. This may have contributed to the delay in printing Kleins other work, a hymnal that took 12 years to produce, and to the demise of Kleins dictionary, which was never printed. Mindaugas ÐINKÛNAS compares the last incomplete signature of several sur- viving copies of Kleins Compendium, that are kept in Vilnius, Saint-Petersburg, Wrocùaw, Oxford, Poznañ, Tübingen, Wolfenbüttel, and Chicago. Analysis demon- strates that the last signature of the Vilnius University Library copy was reset anew. Text differences are comparatively minor, but they still betray the fact that Klein corrected some diacritics, typos, and other textual inconsistencies. Thus, this signa- ture was printed later than any other equivalent signature of the known copies of the Compendium. Ðinkûnas also tells about the conference devoted to the 350th anniversary of the first printed Lithuanian grammar that took place at Vilnius University on November 21, 2003. 5 Archivum Lithuanicum 6 Vitas LABUTIS compares the formal structure and the section on syntax of the first grammar by Klein to the Compendium Grammaticae Lithvanicae (1673) by Kristupas Sapûnas and Teofilis Ðulcas. The latter was prepared for the practical purposes of learning the language, therefore this section of this book is much more detailed than that in Kleins book. Ona ALEKNAVIÈIENË looks at Jonas Bretkûnas Postilla (1591) from a new angle. She describes a copy of the Postilla that was previously unknown in Lithuanian Bibliography and that now is kept in the Kaunas Art Gallery of Mykolas Þilinskas. Earlier it was kept in the Royal library of Königsberg, but in the years 19231944 it belonged to the collection of Vladas Daumantas. Aleknavièienë ana- lyzes the inscriptions and external elements of the copy and describes its binding. The complete procedure of binding is described: process, technique, style, materials, and tools. Such an analysis helps to determine the time and the location of the binding. This and the other copy of the Postilla (kept in the Library of Lithuanian Academy of Sciences in Vilnius) belong to the tradition of the German bookbinders of the end of the sixteenth and beginning of the seventeenth century. Þavinta SIDABRAITË describes Kristijonas Milkus translation of the fable The Thresher by Christian Fürchtegott Gellert. Milkus did not aim to reproduce the original precisely. Having the audience for his translationa Lithuanian peasant in mind, he consciously tried to adjust the fable by Gellert to the life and language of a peasant by modifying the theme and the means of expression. He would not object to expurgating certain episodes and original parts and he would use stylis- tically marked spoken language and transform versification. The translation by Milkus satisfied the requirements of a rather free classicist style translation. Mikas VAICEKAUSKAS deals with the issues of originality with respect to the Lithuanian Catholic hymns in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The main difficulties lie in the determination of the authors and translators of the hymns, the origin of the hymns, the sources of the translations or the rewriting, and the attempt to decide if a concrete text is a translation or an original text. The omission of authorship, lack of information on origin and sources is to be related to the common concept of authorship and originality of the Middle Ages. One important peculiarity of Baroque literature is based on this conceptlack of originality. Plagiarism, bor- rowing, rewriting of a text was not perceived as ignorance but vice verseas supe- rior ability to use the compositions of others. With the analysis of the three religious books by Jeronimas K. Raèkauskis (1825 1889) Munkà Wieszpaties (1857), Wadowas i Dangu (1857), and Baùsà Diewa (1858) Daiva LITVINSKAITË describes an attempt of the author to write in the Highland Lithuanian dialect instead of his native South-Lowland (dûnininkai) dialect. Hypercorrect forms also bear witness to Raèkauskis efforts to write in Highland Lithuanian. But these efforts were undermined by his limited knowledge of the Highland dialect. Raèkauskis attempted to follow Valanèius written language and 6 Archivum Lithuanicum 6 orthography. Part of the book Wadowas i Dangu, however, is printed in a language and orthography different from the one that is typical for Raèkauskis texts. There is a strong possibility that Valanèius was the one who made corrections in Raè- kauskis text. Two articles are devoted to Antanas Baranauskas. Ieva ÐENAVIÈIENË claims that Baranauskas poetry in Lithuanian was influenced by the process of revival of the Catholic Church. According to Baranauskas, Catholicity was the main condi- tion not only for the creation of Lithuanian poetry and philology, but also for use of the Lithuanian language. Halina KARAÚ has prepared a linguistic analysis of Antanas Baranauskas (18351902) Diary (18531856). It proves that the author recorded it in a Polish dialect that was spoken in the region of Kaunas (Lithuania) at that time. His Diary reveals some phonetic, grammatical, and lexical features typical for that northern borderland variety of the Polish language. Irena ÐTIKONAITË describes cultural and academic relations of Lithuania with Switzerland from the sixteenth to the twentieth century. It deals with the Lithuanians at the universities of Zurich, Basel, and Fribourg. Study at the Univer- sity of Basel (from 1532 to 1726) was very useful for a political, church, or state career. The influence of the University of Fribourg was especially felt after World War One. The political, cultural, and academic life of Lithuania was organized, in most cases, in the Catholic spirit. Lithuanians, like the Catholics of other countries, founded their university on the example of Fribourg. Giedrius SUBAÈIUS continues his research on the correlation of certain graph- emes of manuscripts and prints in older Lithuanian texts of the 1819th centuries. He writes about rejection of the long letter <µ> in Lithuanian texts in Lithuania Major. Juozapas Zavadskis in Vilnius did not print <µ> at all already in the Lietuwiszkas Ewangelias of 1806. Also by 1806 the Missionary Press in Vilnius was using only <s> (in Pawinastis Krykscionyszkas). Thus, the turning-point in discard- ing the long <µ> was