Charles University Prague Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Jit+DQD Two-level morphology of Esperanto Prague, August 1998 Charles University Prague Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Jit+DQD Two-level morphology of Esperanto Master thesis Department: Computer Science 7KHVLVVXSHUYLVRU51'U-DQ+DMLþ3K' Prague, August 1998 Acknowledgements I would like to thank to Doc. Dr. Petr Chrdle, CSc. the owner of a publishing house KAVA- 3(&+ 'RELFKRYLFH &]HFKLD ZKR GRQDWHG PH (VSHUDQWR WH[WV IRU WHVWV RI P\ V\VWHP , DP LQGHEWHG WR P\ VXSHUYLVRU 51'U -DQ +DMLþ 3K' IRU KLV FRXQVHOV DQG FRPPHQWV , DP also very grateful to Dr. Hana Skoumalová and ing. Alexander Rosen, the discussions with them were very useful for me. 4 I declare that I wrote the thesis independently and that I used only cited resources. Prague, August 11, 1998 5 Table of contents 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................13 1.1 ABOUT ESPERANTO.......................................................................................................................13 2 ESPERANTO GRAMMAR..............................................................................................................15 2.1 WRITING AND PRONUNCIATION.....................................................................................................15 2.2 CASE AND NUMBER .......................................................................................................................15 2.3 ARTICLE ........................................................................................................................................15 2.4 NOUN ............................................................................................................................................16 2.5 ADJECTIVES ..................................................................................................................................16 2.6 PRONOUNS ....................................................................................................................................17 2.7 CORRELATIVES..............................................................................................................................18 2.8 NUMERALS....................................................................................................................................20 2.9 VERB.............................................................................................................................................24 2.10 ADVERBS.....................................................................................................................................27 2.11 PREPOSITIONS .............................................................................................................................28 2.12 CONJUNCTIONS ...........................................................................................................................29 2.13 INTERJECTIONS............................................................................................................................29 2.14 SHORT SYNTAX OVERVIEW..........................................................................................................29 3 WORD BUILDING...........................................................................................................................33 3.1 COMPOSITES..................................................................................................................................34 3.2 AFFIXES ........................................................................................................................................35 3.3 THE REST.......................................................................................................................................43 4 IMPLEMENTATION.......................................................................................................................47 4.1 TWO-LEVEL MORPHOLOGY............................................................................................................47 4.2 GENERAL APPROACH.....................................................................................................................48 4.3 INFLECTION ...................................................................................................................................49 4.4 VERB.............................................................................................................................................50 4.5 ROOTS ...........................................................................................................................................53 4.6 CATEGORY PROHIBITING RULES ....................................................................................................55 4.7 PERSONAL PRONOUNS ...................................................................................................................56 4.8 CORRELATIVES..............................................................................................................................56 4.9 NUMBERS......................................................................................................................................58 4.10 COUNTRIES..................................................................................................................................60 4.11 THE REST.....................................................................................................................................62 5 CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................................65 RESOURCES........................................................................................................................................67 APPENDIX A AUXILIARY PROGRAMS .......................................................................................69 APPENDIX A.1 CONVERSION TO CORPUS.............................................................................................69 APPENDIX A.2 FILTERING RESULT OF ANALYSIS .................................................................................70 APPENDIX A.3 CONVERSION OF THE PIV............................................................................................70 APPENDIX B OUTPUT OF THE ANALYSIS .................................................................................73 APPENDIX A.1 SAMPLE OF THE MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS ..............................................................73 APPENDIX B.2 WORDS WITH MORE THAN ONE ANALYSIS....................................................................77 APPENDIX B.3 UNANALYZED WORDS .................................................................................................78 APPENDIX C TWO-LEVEL RULES................................................................................................80 7 Detailed table of contents Detailed table of contents 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................13 1.1 ABOUT ESPERANTO.......................................................................................................................13 2 ESPERANTO GRAMMAR..............................................................................................................15 2.1 WRITING AND PRONUNCIATION.....................................................................................................15 2.2 CASE AND NUMBER .......................................................................................................................15 2.3 ARTICLE ........................................................................................................................................15 2.4 NOUN ............................................................................................................................................16 2.4.1 Proper names ........................................................................................................................16 2.4.1.1 Declination of proper names........................................................................................................... 16 2.4.1.2 Capitalization.................................................................................................................................. 16 2.5 ADJECTIVES ..................................................................................................................................16 2.5.1 Form......................................................................................................................................16 2.5.2 Comparison ...........................................................................................................................17 2.6 PRONOUNS ....................................................................................................................................17 2.6.1 Personal pronouns.................................................................................................................17 2.6.2 Possessive pronouns..............................................................................................................18 2.7 CORRELATIVES..............................................................................................................................18 2.7.1.1 System of correlatives....................................................................................................................