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Christiansborgs miljøpolitiske værdikonflikter Hvordan påvirker ideologiske overbevisninger miljøpolitikken? 1 Af Torben Ulrich Bøjstrup Christiansborgs miljøpolitiske værdikon7likter Skrevet af Sarah Zedlitz Alberg 2018 Vejledt af Ole Erik Hansen Roskilde Universitet Miljøplanlægning og kommunikation BILAGS OVERSIGT Bilag 1 Aktiviteter i Folketinget Bilag 2 Princip- og politikprogrammer Bilag 3 Kodning af empiri Bilag 4 Transkribering af interviews 2 Forord I arbejdet med dette speciale blev jeg konfronteret af analogien om de seks blinde mænd, som prøver at bedømme naturen af en elefant. Den første blinde mand føler på elefantens side og proklamerer ”At en elefant er en mur”. Den anden rører ved elefantens stødtand, og svarer ”Nej det er et spaer”. Den tredje føler dyrets mave og udbryder ”Det er jo en slange”. Den jerde gnubber dens ben og insisterer ”En elefant er et træ”. Den femte føler dens øre og ytrer ”Det er en fane”. Den sjette tager om dens hale og udbryder ”I tager alle fejl, en elefant er et reb” (Korten, 2015: 52). I analogien har hver blind mand fat i et stykke af den større sandhed. Analogiens pointe er, at sandheden ofte bliver misforstået, når den anskues udenfor dennes kontekst. Det vil også være tilfældet med dette speciale. Analogien om de blinde mænd og elefanten bliver hyppigt brugt om menneskets undersøgelser af universet og om moderne videnskab. Jeg bruger den som inspiration, for desto større fokus på alle detaljer, desto nemmere er det at misse naturen og essensen af den hele virkelighed. I forlængelse af dette har jeg aldrig forstået, hvorfor miljø- og klimadebatten skal ende i en ideologisk krig, og hvorfor man tilsyneladende skal erklære sig, som enten “del af en grøn blok” eller som “dommedagsprofet” for at se miljø og klima, som afgørende for både klodens og menneskets fremtid og som et nationalt forretnings- og vækstområde med stort globalt potentiale for Danmark. Tænk hvis vi i Danmark valgte ikke at lade miljødebatten handle om et ideologisk opgør, men i stedet valgte at tage et decideret offensivt afsæt: Hvordan kan vi udvikle visionen om miljøområdet til gavn for det hele Danmark? Abstract In recent years there has been a tendency for political parties in the parliament, at least on the big questions, to signal some consensus and agreement. This is particularly prevailing in the environmental 7ield, where the parties are characterized by a high degree of consensus. All parties in the parliament have some form of pro7iled attitude towards the environmental issues. Most environmental goals are either aimed at reducing various forms of contamination or preserving or (re) creating healthy ecosystems.Therefore, in the environmental debate, there has been a number of discussion of different options to in7luence businesses and citizens' behavior in a more sustainable direction. Overall, the policies have two different options to inluence the behavior of citizens and businesses; incentives and penalties. Incentives are about giving an incentive or gain by the most environmentally friendly conduct, while punishment is about issuing an economic bid for "wrong" behavior in relation to the environment. This thesis looks at; how ideological beliefs affect the environmental policy made in the danish parliament, as well as the implications of the policy. In addition, the thesis involves a number of theoretical re7lections such as Paul A. Sabatier’s Advocacy Coalition Framework of Policy Change, with particular emphasis on the operationalization of political belief systems. The thesis also contains a greater study of environmental policy ideology. Environmental policy has been established in political and moral debates, both in the academic world and in the rest of society. When we are affected by environmental and climate crises, these debates are strong, and otherwise they remain mainly in the academic world. There is a need for a critical assessment of environmental policy and its ideology (s). Here the concept of environmental policy is conceptualized by incorporating the environmental policy’s normativity in relation to the human og natural world. This section contains a number of texts and theoretical references, each providing theoretical introductions to environmental policy as a broader 7ield. 3 The analytical work has shown how, in spite of an agreement on the surface of the four parties to have an environmental policy, there are differences in the way they want such an environmental policy to be. The thesis reveals a number of ideological beliefs in environmental policy. On the one hand, a distinction is identi7ied between the belief in the governance and the belief in the private-sector and, on the other hand, between different regulatory and economic tools. Here we saw that “Socialdemokratiet“ focused on taxes, quotas and standards as tools in environmental policy. For “Det Socialistiske Folkeparti’s” environmental policy discourse, we saw instruments such as parliamentary control and injunction / prohibition. “Venstre” took a different focus, considering the companies in the green conversion, and they therefore sought 7inancial incentives to promote companies' environmental policy discourse. Finally, “Det Konservative Folkeparti” clari7ied that a sensible and responsible environmental policy was necessary and should be in continuation of our identity in Denmark. The second section of the analysis illustrates a series of policy regimes, as an example of how beliefs can be driven or restraining environmental policy. This section placed particular emphasis on how belief systems and world views play a fundamental role, because they can create barriers to systemic change. Here policy-regimes are emphasized, i.e. the combination of power relations, policy paradigms and institutions, that collectively produce policy lock-ins. These policy regimes are transport / infrastructure, agriculture, green growth and inancial incentives. We are seeing a progression, where several parties prioritize environmental considerations, but the speed and scope are still limited. Environmental policy takes place within the framework of a number of wider social changes, in which this thesis highlights several management challenges, that “the traditional paradigm” has lock the environmental policy in. These include the need to government a process of profound social transformation; to rule with an inherent uncertainty and ambivalence; the need for long- term management; multi-level governance and cross-sectoral management At a basic level, many challenges arise because the development of environmental policy is not a plan or blueprint for change, but a process where what is considered appropriate and useful always depends on social, political, ecological and economic context within which political reactions are framed. Therefore, environmental policy goals, visions and strategies must be accompanied by context-speci7ic elaborations. There is no ideal form of environmental policy management. Governance structures and processes must be context-speci7ic and open. They must include uncertainty, but determine intermediate, achievable goals for policy actions and delivery. 4 INDHOLD Kapitel 1. Indledning …7 1.1 Miljøhensyn …8 - en gammel kending 1.1.1 Miljøpolitikken …9 …10 1.2 Det traditionelle paradigme 1.3 Et nyt …12 grønt paradigme …14 1.3.1 Problemformulering 1.4 Genstandsfelt …16 1.4.1 En ny politisk dagsorden …16 1.4.2 Bæredygtig udvikling …17 som et politisk koncept 1.4.3 De etablerede partier …18 1.4.4 Antropocentrisme …20 1.4.5 Ecocentrisme …20 1.5 Videnskabsteoretisk forståelse …21 - miljøpolitikken i en kritisk realistisk optik Kapitel 2. Operationalisering af teori …24 2.1 Miljøpolitik fæstes …24 i ilosoi 2.1.2 Miljøpolitik fæstes i ilosoi …25 2.1.3 Miljøpolitik …26 2.2 Politisk forandring …28 2.2.1 ACF - politisk tro og forandring …28 2.2.2 Policysystemer …29 2.2.3 Belief-systemer …29 2.3 Teoretisk afgrænsning …31 Kapitel 3. Empiri og metode …34 3.1 Undersøgelsesmetoder …34 3.2 Empiri …34 …35 3.2.1 Datamaterialet …37 3.2.2 Interviews 5 Kapitel 4. Analyse …39 4.1 Tyngden i lov og …40 beslutningsprocessen 4.2 Analysedel 1. …41 - 7ire miljøpolitiske værdikon7likter 4.2.1 Socialdemokratismen …42 4.2.2 Venstre …45 4.2.3 Socialistisk Folkeparti …49 …52 4.2.4 Konservative Folkeparti …55 4.2.5 Opsummering 4.3 Analysedel 2. …55 - miljødiskurserne i en praktisk optik 4.3.1 Staten, markedet og erhvervslivet …58 4.3.1.1 Transport og betalingsring …60 4.3.1.2 Landbrug …6 4.3.1.3 Opsummering …64 4.3.2 Arbejdspladser og vækst …64 4.3.2.1 Økonomiske instrumenter …69 4.3.2.2 Opsummering …71 Kapitel 5. Konlusion …72 Litteraturliste …76 6 01 // Indledning I den industrialiserede verden oplever vi i dag en materiel velstand, som er større end nogensinde før. Vi oplever også en større grad af politisk frihed og et større kulturelt udbud end tidligere generationer. Accelerationen af den økonomiske aktivitet har givet signi7ikante forbedringer i levestandarderne hos store dele af verdens befolkning, men den har også forårsaget stadigt voksende miljøproblematikker. En stor del af den globale befolkning har ændret deres forbrugsmønstre, hvilket giver et enormt pres på økosystemerne, som nu truer vores levestandarder (se ig. 1.1). Fig 1.1 er lånt af EEA, 2018: 7 På en række områder kan vi iagttage faresignaler, som indikerer, at den nuværende udvikling i vores samfund indebærer trusler imod os selv, kloden og fremtidige generationer. Disse trusler er nedbrydning af ozonlaget, klimaforandringer og tab af biodiversitet, som udgør en trussel, fordi de vil få en stor ind7lydelse på den menneskelige velfærd (McSweeney et.al, 2010). Orkaner, mangel på drikkevand, vandstigninger og forstyrrelser af økosystemer udgør ligeledes en trussel. Den globale opvarmning smelter gletscherne og indlandsis, som får permafrost til at forsvinde og verdenshavene til at stige. Konsekvenserne er uoverskuelige, for når vandstanden i havene stiger, vil millioner af mennesker blive sendt på 7lugt, ligesom adgangen til rent drikkevand vil true 7lere hundrede millioner liv (Oxfam, 2017). Forskere mener, at klimaændringerne vil skabe 7lere tilfælde af ekstrem varme, voldsomme storme, cykloner, tyfoner og orkaner og udbredelse af ørkner (NORDECO, 2017).

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