N OTES Introduction: Mary, the Queen 1 . Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts Relating to English Affairs, Existing in the Archives and Collections of Venice, And in Other Libraries of Northern Italy , ed. Rawdon Brown, vol. 5 (London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1873), 430. 2 . J o h n F o x e , Actes and Monuments of These Latter and Perilous Dayes (London, 1583), vol. 2, book 11, p. 1484. 3 . J a s p e r G o d w i n R i d l e y , Bloody Mary’s Martyrs: The Story of England’s Terror (New York: Carroll and Graf, 2001). 4 . D a v i d M . L o a d e s, Mary Tudor: A Life (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989), 8 and 327; and John Guy, Tudor England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), 227. See also A. N. McLaren, Political Culture in the Reign of Elizabeth I: Queen and Commonwealth 1558–1585 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 46. 5 . J e n n i f e r L o a c h , Parliament and the Crown in the Reign of Mary Tudor (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986); Christopher Haigh, English Reformations: Religion, Politics, and Society under the Tudors (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), argued that “the last years of Mary’s reign were not a gruesome preparation for Protestant victory, but a continuing con- solidation of Catholic strength,” 234; Elizabeth Russell, “Mary Tudor and Mr. Jorkins,” Historical Research 63 (October 1990): 263–76, see esp. 265 and 275. Two recent biographies—Anna Whitelock, Mary Tudor: England’s First Queen (New York: Bloomsbury, 2010), and Linda Porter, The First Queen of England: The Myth of “Bloody Mary,” (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2008)—have also presented Mary in a much more sympathetic light. 6 . See Judith M. Richards, Mary Tudor (London and New York: Routledge, 2008); “Mary Tudor as ‘Sole Quene’? Gendering Tudor Monarchy,” Historical Journal 40, no. 4 (December 1997): 895–924; and “Mary Tudor: Renaissance Queen of England,” in “High and Mighty Queens” of Early Modern England: Realities and Representations , ed. Carole Levin, Jo Eldridge Carney, and Debra Barrett-Graves (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), 27–44; Charles Beem, “Her Kingdom’s Wife: Mary I and the Gendering of Royal Power,” in The Lioness Roared: The Problems of Female Rule in English History (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 63–100; Alexander Samson, “Changing Places: The Marriage and Royal Entry of 184 Notes Philip, Prince of Austria, and Mary Tudor, July–August 1554,” Sixteenth Century Journal 36, no. 3 (2005): 761–84. 7 . Q u o t e d i n G a r r e t t M a t t i n g l y , Catherine of Aragon (London: Jonathan Cape, 1944), 144. 8 . Q u o t e d i n C a r o l e L e v i n , The Heart and Stomach of a King: Elizabeth I and the Politics of Sex and Power (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994), 7. 9 . Peggy K. Liss, Isabel the Queen: Life and Times (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 253. 10 . Quoted in Maria Dowling, “A Woman’s Place? Learning and the Wives of Henry VIII,” History Today 41 (June 1991): 38. See also Timothy G. Elston, “Transformation or Continuity? Sixteenth-Century Education and the Legacy of Catherine of Aragon, Mary I, and Juan Luis Vives,” in Levin, Carney, and Barrett-Graves, “High and Mighty Queens,” 11–26. Catherine retained interest in Mary’s education even after the princess had been sent to Wales in 1525, writing, “As for your writing in Latin, I am glad that ye shall change from me to Master Federston [Richard Fetherston, Mary’s tutor], for that shall do you much good to learn by him to write aright. But yet sometimes I would be glad when ye do write to Master Federston of your own enditing, when he hath read it that I might see it. For it shall be a great comfort to me to see you keep your Latin and fair writing and all.” Quoted in Mattingly, Catherine of Aragon, 189. 1 1 . Q u o t e d i n M a r i a D o w l i n g , Humanism in the Age of Henry VIII (Dover, NH: Croom Helm, 1986), 224. For a more recent argument that Catherine did not commission De Institutione , see contributing editors of Juan Luis Vives, The Instruction of a Christen Woman , ed. Virginia Walcott Beauchamp, Elizabeth H. Hageman, and Margaret Mikesell (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002), xxiii. 1 2 . D o w l i n g , Humanism , 224–25; and Charles Fantazzi, “Introduction: Prelude to the Other Voice in Vives,” in The Education of a Christian Woman: A Sixteenth-Century Manual , ed. and trans. Charles Fantazzi (Chicago: University of Chicago, 2000), 13. 1 3 . D o w l i n g , Humanism , 223–26; Fantazzi, “Introduction,” 13. Vives also con- tributed a book of proverbs and edifying stories, the Satellitium vel Symbola , that was later used for Edward VI’s education (Dowling, Humanism , 226). See also Richards, Mary Tudor , 46. 1 4 . D o w l i n g , Humanism , 226–27; Fantazzi, “Introduction,” 15. 1 5 . L i s s , Isabel the Queen , 97. 1 6 . I b i d . , 9 7 – 9 8 . 1 7 . I b i d . , 1 0 4 . 18 . Ibid., 213; Elizabeth A. Lehfeldt, “Ruling Sexuality: The Political Legitimacy of Isabel of Castile,” Renaissance Quarterly 53 (2000): 31–56. Catherine of Aragon was born in 1485, during the long campaign to retake Granada, a war that Liss described as “from the outset Isabel’s war” (Liss, Isabel the Queen , 195 and 209). 19 . See Mortimer Levine, “The Place of Women in Tudor Government,” in Tudor Rule and Revolution: Essays for G. R. Elton from His American Friends , Notes 185 ed. John William MacKenna and Delloyd J. Guth (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), 116. According to Levine, Catherine was “no fig- urehead regent” but the one woman, “the queens regnant excepted, who certainly exerted real influence on the conduct of affairs of state in Tudor England over a number of years.” 2 0 . M a t t i n g l y , Catherine of Aragon , 130–35. 2 1 . Q u o t e d i n M a t t i n g l y , Catherine of Aragon, 133. For the news that Henry received the coat, see Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII, 1509–47: Preserved in the Public Record Office, the British Museum and Elsewhere in England , vol. 1, ed. J. Brewer (London: Longmans, 1862), 1023. 2 2 . I b i d . 2 3 . Calendar of Letters, Despatches, and State Papers Relating to the Negotiations between England and Spain Preserved in the Archives at Simancas and Elsewhere , vol. 5, ed. Pascual de Gayangos (London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1888), pt. 2, p. 430. 2 4 . S u s a n E . J a m e s , Kateryn Parr: The Making of a Queen (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999), 167 and 186; Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, of the Reign of Henry VIII , vol. 19, ed. James Gairdner and R. H. Brodie (London, 1905), pt. 2, 2 and 18. 25 . Henry Machyn, The Diary of Henry Machyn: Citizen and Merchant-Taylor of London from A.D. 1550–1563 , ed. John Gough Nichols (London: Printed for the Camden Society, 1848), 4–5. 26 . This conversation was duly reported to the king and can be found in State Papers Domestic, SP 10/13/36. 2 7 . I b i d . 2 8 . L o a d e s , Mary Tudor , 165. 2 9 . I b i d . , 1 6 6 . 3 0 . R i c h a r d s , Mary Tudor , 105. 1 The Succession of a Queen 1 . See, for example, Merry E. Wiesner, Women and Gender in Early Modern Europe (1993; repr., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000); Ian Maclean, The Renaissance Notion of Woman: A Study in the Fortunes of Scholasticism and Medical Science in European Intellectual Life (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980); Constance Jordan, Renaissance Feminism: Literary Texts and Political Models (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990). It was widely believed that, as the weaker sex, women did not possess the capability to rule; if a female did become ruler, she would take on masculine characteristics that would diminish her female nature and interfere with her reproductive capabilities. See Judith M. Richards, “‘To Promote a Woman to Beare Rule’: Talking of Queens in Mid-Tudor England,” Sixteenth Century Journal 28, no. 1 (1997): 101–22. 2 . See Susan E. James, “Regent-General of England,” chapter 10 in Kateryn Parr: The Making of a Queen (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999); Katherine 186 Notes Crawford, “Catherine de Medicis and the Performance of Political Motherhood,” Sixteenth Century Journal 31, no. 3 (2000): 643–73; Elizabeth A. Lehfeldt, “Ruling Sexuality: The Political Legitimacy of Isabel of Castile, Renaissance Quarterly 53, no. 1 (Spring 2000): 31–56; Mary Beth Rose, “Gender and the Construction of Royal Authority in the Speeches of Elizabeth I,” in Gender and Heroism in Early Modern English Literature (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), 26–54; Carole Levin, The Heart and Stomach of a King: Elizabeth I and the Politics of Sex and Power (Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia Press, 1994). 3 . See Mortimer Levine, Tudor Dynastic Problems , 1460–1571 (London: Allen and Unwin, 1973), 81–87; David M. Loades, Mary Tudor: A Life (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1989), 171–95; Dale Hoak, “Two Revolutions in Tudor Government: The Formation and Organization of Mary I’s Privy Council,” in Revolution Reassessed: Revisions in the History of Tudor Government and Administration , ed.