The Sharing Economy in Cities Institutionalisation and Sustainability Enochsson, Lucie 2021 Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Enochsson, L. (2021). The Sharing Economy in Cities: Institutionalisation and Sustainability. (2021:3 ed.). IIIEE, Lund University. 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LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 LUCIE ENOCHSSON AN ECOLABEL 3041 0903 NORDIC SW The Sharing in CitiesEconomy ryck, Lund 2021 The Sharing Economy in Cities Institutionalisation and Sustainability LUCIE ENOCHSSON | IIIEE | LUND UNIVERSITY Printed by Media-T The Sharing Economy in Cities Cities are facing many sustainability challenges, including climate change, lack of affordable housing, or socio-eco- nomic inequality. By proposing a novel way of redistributing resources, the sharing economy has a potential to solve these problems. Or does it? This study shows that the sustainability impacts of the sharing economy have become a contested issue and play a major role in the development of sharing practices in urban areas. It centres around two key actor groups, urban sharing organisations and municipal governments, when it explores how the sharing economy becomes institutionalised in cities. 357732 IIIEE Dissertations 2021:3 2021:3 ISBN 978-91-87357-73-2 789187 ISSN 1402-3016 9 The Sharing Economy in Cities Institutionalisation and Sustainability Lucie Enochsson DOCTORAL THESIS by due permission of the Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, Sweden. To be defended at the International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics, Lund University; Sweden, 18th June 2021, 13:15. Faculty opponent Professor Christina Öberg Örebro University, Sweden i Organization Document name LUND UNIVERSITY DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Date of issue 24th MAY 2021 Author LUCIE ENOCHSSON Sponsoring organization N/A Title and subtitle The Sharing Economy in Cities: Institutionalisation and Sustainability Abstract The sharing economy is a novel way of distributing physical resources facilitated by online platforms where temporary access is given to goods owned by peers or organisations. It has become prominent in urban areas where a large accumulation of resources in close proximity and the ubiquity of information and communications technology enable it to grow. Its emergence has had various impacts on existing urban systems that are essential for the well-functioning of cities. There is therefore value in exploring its institutionalisation in specific urban contexts. This PhD dissertation aims to advance understanding on (i) how two key actor groups, urban sharing organisations and municipal governments, work to shape the development of the sharing economy in cities, and (ii) which sustainability claims they use to shape this process. The study draws on 150 interviews with key sharing economy actors collected during mobile research labs in six cities: London, Berlin, Amsterdam, Malmö, San Francisco, and Toronto. The research gaps are further assessed by combining four theoretical angles: institutional work, governance theory, framing theory, and sustainability science. It was found that urban sharing organisations engage in both institutional creation and disruption when attempting to institutionalise sharing practices in cities. These modes of institutional work vary among the different organisations, and impact which sharing practices become institutionalised and which existing institutions become disrupted. As a response to the emergence of the sharing economy in cities, municipal governments have developed a portfolio of governance mechanisms. When they steer the development of urban sharing organisations, they engage in outward governance. When they define who they are in relation to the sharing economy, and direct their efforts towards their own actions, it is referred to as inward governance. Often, urban sharing organisations and municipal governments use sustainability framings to co-create the sharing economy in cities. These framings are also explored in this thesis. The study underlines that the diversity of sharing economy business models, existing institutional arrangements in cities, urban sustainability issues, and institutional work of key actors are some of the key factors influencing institutionalisation of the sharing economy in cities. These factors also determine how the sharing economy will impact urban sustainability in the future. Key words sharing economy, urban sharing, platforms, institutional work, sustainability, governance Classification system and/or index terms (if any) Supplementary bibliographical information Language English ISSN and key title ISBN 1402-3016 IIIEE Dissertation 2021:03 978-91-87357-72-5 (digital) 978-91-87357-73-2 (print) Recipient’s notes Number of pages 90 Price Security classification I, the undersigned, being the copyright owner of the abstract of the above-mentioned thesis, hereby grant to all reference sources permission to publish and disseminate the abstract of the above-mentioned thesis. Signature Date 2021-05-03 ii The Sharing Economy in Cities Institutionalisation and sustainability Lucie Enochsson iii Cover photo by Copyright pp 1-90 Lucie Enochsson Paper 1 © Elsevier doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.057 Paper 2 © Taylor & Francis doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2018.1463978 Paper 3 © Edward Elgar Publishing doi.org/10.4337/9781788110549.00030 Paper 4 © Elsevier doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2016.12.002 Paper 5 © MDPI doi.org/10.3390/su13084213 International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics ISBN 978-91-87357-72-5 (digital) 978-91-87357-73-2 (print) ISSN 1402-3016 Printed in Sweden by Media-Tryck, Lund University Lund 2021 iv In loving memory of those who left us during the course of my PhD My amazing, tree-climbing landlady Elsa and Mitt änglabarn Amelia v Table of Contents Acknowledgements ............................................................................................... ix Abstract ................................................................................................................ xii Popular science summary .................................................................................. xiii List of peer reviewed publications ...................................................................... xv Contribution to papers ....................................................................................... xvi Other publications ............................................................................................. xvii Abbreviations ...................................................................................................... xix Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 Defining the sharing economy ....................................................................... 2 Sustainability potentials and impacts on cities ............................................... 5 Problem definition and knowledge gaps ........................................................ 7 Institutional work of urban sharing organisations ................................. 9 Institutional work of municipalities ..................................................... 10 Role of sustainability in institutionalising the sharing economy ......... 10 Objective and research questions ................................................................. 12 Research scope and limitations .................................................................... 14 Sharing economy ................................................................................. 14 Geographical boundaries ..................................................................... 16 Actors .................................................................................................. 20 Research process and overview of papers .................................................... 21 Paper I .................................................................................................. 22 Paper II ................................................................................................ 23 Paper III ............................................................................................... 23 Paper IV ............................................................................................... 23 Paper V ................................................................................................ 24 Target audience ...........................................................................................