Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics The internet is now a mainstay of contemporary political life, and captivates researchers from across the social sciences. From debates about its impact on parties and election campaigns following momentous presidential contests in the United States, to concerns over international security, privacy, and surveillance in the post-9/11, post-7/7 envir- onment; from the rise of blogging as a threat to the traditional model of journalism, to controversies at the international level over how and if the internet should be governed by an entity such as the United Nations; from the new repertoires of collective action open to citizens, to the massive programs of public management reform taking place in the name of e-government, internet politics, and policy are continually in the headlines. The Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics is a collection of over 30 chapters dealing with the most significant scholarly debates in this rapidly growing field of study. Organized in four broad sections: Institutions, Behavior, Identities, and Law and policy, the Hand- book summarizes and criticizes contemporary debates while pointing out new departures. A comprehensive set of resources, it provides linkages to established theories of media and politics, political communication, governance, deliberative democracy, and social move- ments, all within an interdisciplinary context. The contributors form a strong international cast of established and junior scholars. This is the first publication of its kind in this field; a helpful companion to students and scholars of politics, international relations, communication studies, and sociology. Andrew Chadwick is Professor of Political Science and Founding Director of the New Political Communication Unit at Royal Holloway, University of London. He is the author of Internet Politics: States, Citizens, and New Communication Technologies (Oxford University Press), which won the American Sociological Association Communication and Information Technologies Section Outstanding Book Award. Philip N. Howard is Associate Professor in the Department of Communication at the University of Washington, and directs the World Information Access Project (www. wiareport.org). He is the author of New Media Campaigns and the Managed Citizen (Cambridge University Press), which won book awards from the American Sociological Association and the International Communication Association. Routledge Handbook of Internet Politics Edited by Andrew Chadwick and Philip N. Howard First published 2009 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2008. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2009 Editorial selection and matter, Andrew Chadwick and Philip N. Howard; individual chapters the contributors All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Routledge handbook of Internet politics / edited by Andrew Chadwick and Philip N. Howard. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Internet– Political aspects. 2. Political participation– computer network resources. 3. Communication in politics– computer network resources. I. Chadwick, Andrew. II. Howard, Philip N. III.Handbook Title: of Internet Politics. IV. Title:Internet Politics. HM851.R6795 2008 320.0285'4678 – dc22 2008003045 ISBN 0-203-96254-0 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 978-0-415-42914-6 (hbk) ISBN 978-0-203-96254-1 (ebk) Contents List of figures ix List of tables x List of contributors xii Acknowledgments xvi 1 Introduction: new directions in internet politics research 1 Andrew Chadwick and Philip N. Howard Part I: Institutions 11 2 The internet in U.S. election campaigns 13 Richard Davis, Jody C Baumgartner, Peter L. Francia, and Jonathan S. Morris 3 European political organizations and the internet: mobilization, participation, and change 25 Stephen Ward and Rachel Gibson 4 Electoral web production practices in cross-national perspective: the relative influence of national development, political culture, and web genre 40 Kirsten A. Foot, Michael Xenos, Steven M. Schneider, Randolph Kluver, and Nicholas W. Jankowski 5 Parties, election campaigning, and the internet: toward a comparative institutional approach 56 Nick Anstead and Andrew Chadwick 6 Technological change and the shifting nature of political organization 72 Bruce Bimber, Cynthia Stohl, and Andrew J. Flanagin v CONTENTS 7 Making parliamentary democracy visible: speaking to, with, and for the public in the age of interactive technology 86 Stephen Coleman 8 Bureaucratic reform and e-government in the United States: an institutional perspective 99 Jane E. Fountain 9 Public management change and e-government: the emergence of digital-era governance 114 Helen Margetts Part 2: Behavior 129 10 Wired to fact: the role of the internet in identifying deception during the 2004 U.S. presidential campaign 131 Bruce W. Hardy, Kathleen Hall Jamieson, and Kenneth Winneg 11 Political engagement online: do the information rich get richer and the like-minded more similar? 144 Jennifer Brundidge and Ronald E. Rice 12 Information, the internet and direct democracy 157 Justin Reedy and Chris Wells 13 Toward digital citizenship: addressing inequality in the information age 173 Karen Mossberger 14 Online news creation and consumption: implications for modern democracies 186 David Tewksbury and Jason Rittenberg 15 Web 2.0 and the transformation of news and journalism 201 James Stanyer Part 3: Identities 215 16 The internet and the changing global media environment 217 Brian McNair 17 The virtual sphere 2.0: the internet, the public sphere, and beyond 230 Zizi Papacharissi vi CONTENTS 18 Identity, technology, and narratives: transnational activism and social networks 246 W. Lance Bennett and Amoshaun Toft 19 Theorizing gender and the internet: past, present, and future 261 Niels van Doorn and Liesbet van Zoonen 20 New immigrants, the internet, and civic society 275 Yong-Chan Kim and Sandra J. Ball-Rokeach 21 One Europe, digitally divided 288 Jan A. G. M. van Dijk 22 Working around the state: internet use and political identity in the Arab world 305 Deborah L. Wheeler Part 4: Law and policy 321 23 The geopolitics of internet control: censorship, sovereignty, and cyberspace 323 Ronald J. Deibert 24 Locational surveillance: embracing the patterns of our lives 337 David J. Phillips 25 Metaphoric reinforcement of the virtual fence: factors shaping the political economy of property in cyberspace 349 Oscar H. Gandy, Jr. and Kenneth Neil Farrall 26 Globalizing the logic of openness: open source software and the global governance of intellectual property 364 Christopher May 27 Exclusionary rules? The politics of protocols 376 Greg Elmer 28 The new politics of the internet: multi-stakeholder policy-making and the internet technocracy 384 William H. Dutton and Malcolm Peltu 29 Enabling effective multi-stakeholder participation in global internet governance through accessible cyber-infrastructure 401 Derrick L. Cogburn vii CONTENTS 30 Internet diffusion and the digital divide: the role of policy-making and political institutions 415 Kenneth S. Rogerson and Daniel Milton 31 Conclusion: political omnivores and wired states 424 Philip N. Howard and Andrew Chadwick Bibliography 435 Index 487 viii Figures 1.1 Published scholarly articles on political communication, 1995–2006 2 6.1 Collective action space 82 12.1 Referendum knowledge among internet users and non-users, Washington State, 2006 164 12.2 Referendum knowledge among regular and intermittent internet users, Washington State, 2006 164 13.1 Percentage of United States citizens who read about politics online 176 20.1 Four ideal types of new immigrant internet use 278 21.1 A cumulative and recursive model of digital technologies access 290 21.2 Personal computers, internet access, and broadband speed in the European Union, by region, 2006 292–5 23.1 Content filtering by major category 328 ix Tables 4.1 Political content online and development measures for 19 countries with elections in 2004 47 4.2 Explaining web production practices: development, political culture, and producer types 52 10.1 Correct assessment of campaign claims during 2004 presidential election in the United States, by respondents and internet users 139 10.2 Regression models predicting the belief that presidential candidates always lie, that respondents accessed the internet for campaign information, and the correct assessment of campaign claims 141 11.1 Descriptive statistics for the variables of a model explaining political discussion network heterogeneity 153 11.2 Hierarchical multiple regression explaining political discussion network heterogeneity 153 12.1 Linear regression models predicting referendum and political endorsement knowledge in Washington State, 2006 165 12.2 Linear regression models