Economic Geography of India T.C. Sharma H RAWAT PUBLICATIONS Jaipur • New Delhi • Bangalore • Hyderabad • Guwahati • Kolkata Contents Preface xvn Acknowledgements xviii 1 INDIAN AGRICULTURE: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS 1 Problems / 1 Small Size and Fragmentation of Landholdings • Tardy Progress in Land Reforms • Outdated Implements and Machinery • Lack of Irrigation • Inadequate Power Supply • Agricultural Credit Problem • Poor Agricultural Marketing • Non-Availability of Improved Seeds • Inadequate Consumption of Manures and Fertilizers • Lack of Plant Protection Measures Green Revolution / 19 Achievements of the New Technology • Lacunas in the New Technology • Misuse of Input Subsidies Food Security / 22 Drive for Self-Sufficiency / 22 Increase in Food Production / 22 Future Prospects/Challenges / 23 Nutritional Security / 24 2 LAND AND WATER RESOURCES 26 Land Resources / 26 Area Reporting for Land Utilization / 26 Land-use Classification / 26 Trends in Land Utilization • Forests • Forests and Forest Products • National Forest Policy • Afforestation • Area not Available for Cultivation • Other Uncultivated Lands Excluding Fallow Lands • Fallow Lands • Net Area Sown Cropping Intensity / 45 Water Resources / 47 Per Capita Availability of Water / 47 Surface Water Resources / 47 River Water Disputes / 49 Mechanism for Resolving River Water Disputes / 51 • Contents Some Important River Water Disputes / 51 Groundwater Resources / 54 Utilizationof Water Resources / 57 Irrigation • Drinking Water Supply • Industrial Use • Hydropower and Other Energy Needs • Other Uses The National Water Policy 1987 / 59 The National Water Policy 2002 / 60 National Water Grid / 60 The KL Rao Scheme / 61 Power Required for the National Water Grid / 63 The National Perspective Plan 1980 / 63 The Master Plan for Artificial Recharge of Groundwater / 64 IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT The Need for Irrigation / 67 Growth of Irrigation during the Flanning Period / 68 Lacunae in the Growth Sources of Irrigation / 71 Canals • State-wise Development of Canal Irrigation • Tanks • Tubewells • Other Wells • Other Sources Irrigated Area / 92 State-wise Distribution • Irrigated Area Cropwise Major Irrigation Projects / 98 The Bhakra-Nangal Multipurpose Project • The Beas Project • The Thein Dam • The Kajasthan Canal Project (Indira Gandhi Nahar Pariyojana) • The Sarda Sahayak Pariyojana • The Gandak Irrigation Project • The Ramganga Multipurpose Project • The Matatilla Multipurpose Project • The Kosi Multipurpose Project • The Chambal Valley Multipurpose Project • The Bargi Project • The Mahanadi Reservoir • The Tawa Irrigation Project • The Hasdeo Bango Project • The Hirakud Multipurpose Project • The Mahanadi Delta Irrigation Project • The Ukai Project • The Kadana Project • The Sardar Sarovar Project (SSP) • The Jayakwadi Project • The Damodar Valley Corporation Multipurpose Project • The Nagarjunasagar Multipurpose Project • The Pochampad Irrigation Project, Stage I • The Tungabhadra Multipurpose Project » The Malaprabha Irrigation Project • The Ghataprabha Irrigation Project • The Upper Krishna Irrigation Project (Stage I) FOODGRAINS Rice / 113 Conditions of Growth • Cultivation • Yield • Area and Production • Trade Wheat / 120 Conditions of Growth • Cultivation • Yield • Area and Production • Trade Barley / 125 Conditions of Growth • Cultivation and Yield • Area and Production • Trade Contents • vii Coarse Cereals / 127 Jowar • Bajra • Maize • Ragi Pulses / 138 Gram • Tur • Other Pulses 5 COMMERCIAL CROPS 145 Sugarcane / 145 Conditions of Growth • Cultivation • Yield • Area and Production • Processing Cotton / 149 Conditions of Growth • Bt Cotton • Yield • Area and Production • Trade Jute / 155 Conditions of Growth • Cultivation • Yield • Area and Production • Marketing Tobacco / 157 Conditions of Growth • Cultivation • Curing and Fermentation • Yield • Area and Production • Exports Oilseeds / 159 Groundnut • Rapeseed and Mustard • Soyabean • Sunflower • Castorseed • Sesamum • Linseed 6 PLANTATION AND GARDEN CROPS 171 Tea / 171 Conditions of Growth • Cultivation • Varieties and Yield • Plucking and Processing • Area and Production • Domestic Consumption • Exports Coffee / 174 Conditions of Growth » Yield • Plucking and Processing • Area and Production • Domestic Consumption • Exports Rubber / 176 Conditions of Growth • Propagation • Tapping and Yield • Processing • Area and Production • Domestic Consumption Coconut / 178 Conditions of Growth • Cultivation • Yield • Preparation of Copra and Coir • Area and Production • Trade • Consumption Arecanut / 180 Conditions of Growth • Cultivation • Curing and Processing • Area and Production Spices / 182 Pepper • Cardamom • Chillies • Ginger • Turmeric Fruits / 188 Mango * Banana • Citrus • Orange • Apple • Grape • Cashew 7 LIVESTOCK, SERICULTURE AND FISHERIES 200 Livestock / 200 Poor State of Indian Livestock • Cattle • Important Cattle Breeds of India • Development Programmes • Buffaloes • Sheep • Goats • Pigs • Mörses and Ponies • Donkeys and Mules • Cameis viii • Contents Livestock Products / 209 Milk and Milk Products • Dairy Industry • Private Sector Participation • Meat • Hides and Skins • Wool Sericulture / 216 Silk-Reeling Fisheries / 218 Fish Production • Marine Fisheries • Inland Fisheries • Fish Production, State-wise • Preservation and Processing of Fish • Consumption * Exports 8 AGRICULTURAL REGIONS 229 Crop Combination Regions / 229 Data and Methodology Crop Combination Regions oflndia 1990-92 / 230 Rice Combinations • Wheat Combinations • Jowar Combinations • Maize Combinations • Bajra Combinations • Ragi Combinations • Other Cereals Combinations • Gram Combinations • Tur Combination • Other Pulses Combinations • Sugarcane Combinations • Groundnut Combinations • Rapeseed and Mustard Combinations • Other Oilseeds Combinations • Cotton Combinations • Coconut Combinations • Other Crops Combinations Agro-Climatic Regions / 240 Primary Objectives » Zonal Flanning Teams • Strategies for Enhancing Agricultural Production « Maintenance of the Ecosystem • Land and Livestock Resources • Agricultural Production • Productivity Level and Input Use • Demographic Features 9 SURVEY OF MINERAL RESOURCES 245 The Indian Mining Industry / 245 The National Mineral Policy / 246 Trends in Mineral Production / 247 Foreign Trade in Minerals / 248 Spatial Distribution of Mineral Resources / 248 Problems of the Mineral Industry / 249 Delay in Exploration • Uneven Distribution of Mineral Resources • Lack of Infrastructure • Low Manpower Productivity • Policy for Conservation of Minerals • Environmental Pollution 10 FUEL MINERALS Coal / 254 UsesofCoal • Occurrence . Resources/Reserves • Production Trend • Resources and Production State-wise • Consumption • Imports • Problems of Coal Industry Lignite / 267 Reserves • Reserves and Production State-wise Petroleum and Natural Gas / 270 Origin • Occurrence • Reserves • Exploration and Production Trends • Producing Areas . The New Exploration and Licensing Policy . Coal Bed Methane Policy . Contents • ix The National Gas Hydrate Programme • The Hydrocarbon Vision 2025 • Equity Oil frorn Abroad • Consumption • Imports • Crude Oil and Product-Pipelines • Refineries • Natural Gas: Uses, Reserves, New Discoveries, Production, Consumption, Imports, Gas Pipelines • Marketing of Petroleum Products Nuclear Energy Minerals / 297 Uranium • Thorium • Zirconium • Beryl • Lithium • Graphite 11 METALLIC MINERALS: FERROUS AND ALLOYS GROUP 303 Iron Ores / 303 Types of Ore and Resources/Reserves • Production • Reserves/Resources and Production, State-wise • Mining and Processing of Ores • Domestic Consumption • Exports Manganese Ores / 313 Occurrence • Reserves/Resources and Ore Types • Mining * Production • Reserves/Resources and Production, State-wise • Domestic Consumption • Exports Chromite / 319 Resources/Reserves • Production • Reserves and Production, State-wise • Consumption • Exports 12 METALLIC MINERALS: NON-FERROUS GROUP 322 Bauxite / 322 Occurrence • Reserves/Resources • Production • Reserves/Resources and Production, State-wise • Consumption • Exports Copper Ore / 328 Occurrence • Reserves/Resources • Production • Reserves/Resources and Production, State-wise • Consumption • Foreign Trade Lead and Zinc Ores / 333 Occurrence • Res6rves/Resources • Production « Reserves and Production, State-wise • Consumption and Import Gold / 337 Occurrence • Reserves/Resources • Reserves, State-wise • Production • Demand and Consumption Silver Ore / 342 Occurrences • Reserves/Resources • Production • Import 13 NON-METALLIC MINERALS 346 Limestone and Dolomite / 346 Formation and Occurrence • Resources/Reserves • Production • Reserves and Production, State-wise Apatite and Rock Phosphate / 355 Resources/Reserves • Production • Reserves and Production, State-wise • Consumption • Imports • Outlook Gypsum / 358 Resources/Reserves • Production • Reserves and Production, State-wise • By-Product Gypsum • Consumption • Foreign Trade x • Contents Pyrite and Sulphur / 362 Resources/Reserves • Production • Reserves and Production of Pyrite, State-wise Sulphur / 363 Consumption • Imports Magnesite / 364 Resources/Reserves • Production • Reserves and Production, State-wise • Consumption • Foreign Trade Kyanite and Sillimanite / 367 Kyanite / 367 Resources/Reserves • Production • Reserves and Production, State-wise • Consumption • Exports Sillimanite / 369 Resources/Reserves • Production • Reserves and Production, State-wise • Consumption • Exports Steatite / 371 Resources/Reserves • Production • Reserves/Resources and Production,