JordanianSignLanguage: Aspectsofgrammarfroma cross-linguisticperspective Publishedby LOT phone:+31302536006 Janskerkhof13 fax:+31302536406 3512BLUtrecht e-mail:[email protected] TheNetherlands http://www.lotschool.nl Coverillustration:PhotographoftheMonasteryinPetrawithLIUsignfor Jordan Dutch title: Jordaanse Gebarentaal: Grammaticale aspecten vanuit een taalvergelijkendperspectief ISBN978-90-78328-67-4 NUR616 Copyright©2008:BernadetHendriks.Allrightsreserved. JordanianSignLanguage: Aspectsofgrammarfroma cross-linguisticperspective ACADEMISCHPROEFSCHRIFT terverkrijgingvandegraadvandoctor aandeUniversiteitvanAmsterdam opgezagvandeRectorMagnificus prof.dr.D.C.vandenBoom tenoverstaanvaneendoorhetcollegevoorpromoties ingesteldecommissie, inhetopenbaarteverdedigenindeAgnietenkapel opdonderdag30oktober2008,te14:00uur door HerminaBerndinaHendriks geborenteSoest Promotiecommissie: Promotor: Prof.Dr.A.E.Baker Co-promotor: Dr.R.Pfau Overigeleden: prof.dr.U.Zeshan dr.M.Steinbach prof.dr.M.A.Woidich prof.dr.J.F.Quer dr.V.A.S.Nyst FaculteitderGeesteswetenschappen Tableofcontents Acknowledgements Chapter1:Introduction .............................................................................. 1 1.1ThesociolinguisticsituationoftheJordanianDeafcommunity.......... 2 1.1.1IntroducingJordan....................................................................... 2 1.1.2CulturalandreligiousattitudestowardsdisabilityinJordan ..... 4 1.1.3DeafnessinJordan....................................................................... 6 1.1.4EducationfortheDeafinJordan................................................. 9 1.2ThestatusofLIU ............................................................................... 14 1.2.1InfluencesfromArabicandArabgesturesonLIU..................... 14 1.2.2SociolinguisticattitudesofDeafpeopletowardsLIU................ 17 1.3DataandMethodology....................................................................... 19 1.4Glossesandtypologicalconventions................................................. 21 1.5Aimandoutlineofthebook .............................................................. 23 Chapter2:SignlanguagevarietiesinJordanandtheMiddleEast...... 25 2.1ThehistoryofsignlanguageintheMiddleEast ............................... 25 2.2Lexicalcomparisons:Dataandmethodology.................................... 27 2.2.1Datacollection ........................................................................... 27 2.2.2Thewordlist................................................................................ 28 2.2.3Dataanalysis.............................................................................. 31 2.3Resultsandinterpretationoflexicalcomparisons ............................. 34 2.3.1Results ........................................................................................ 34 2.3.2Interpretationofresults.............................................................. 36 2.4Conclusion ......................................................................................... 37 Chapter3:BriefoutlineofLIUgrammar ............................................... 39 3.1Phonology .......................................................................................... 39 3.1.1Handshapes ................................................................................ 39 3.1.2Mouthings................................................................................... 42 3.2LexicalsignsandmorphologicalprocessesinLIU ........................... 44 3.2.1Iconicityandarbitrariness ......................................................... 44 3.2.2Morphologicalrelationsinthelexicon:comparingLIUand Arabic ......................................................................................... 46 3.2.3SequentialandSimultaneousMorphology................................. 52 3.3Usingthesigningspace ..................................................................... 58 3.3.1Agreementverbs......................................................................... 59 3.3.2Classifiers................................................................................... 61 3.4Wordorder......................................................................................... 63 3.4.1BasicwordorderpatternsinLIU .............................................. 63 3.4.2Wordorderwithpronouns ......................................................... 66 3.4.3Wordorderwithinnounphrases................................................ 69 3.5Non-manualaspectsofgrammar ....................................................... 71 3.5.1Non-manualadverbialmarking ................................................. 72 3.5.2Sentencetypes............................................................................. 73 3.6Summary............................................................................................ 74 Chapter4:Negation................................................................................... 77 4.1Introduction........................................................................................ 77 4.2Dataandmethodology ....................................................................... 77 4.3Manualnegation ................................................................................ 78 4.3.1Manualnegativesigns:negativeinterjectionsandclause negators ...................................................................................... 78 4.3.2Negativemorphology.................................................................. 84 4.4Non-manualsinnegation .......................................................... …….88 4.4.1Backwardhead-tilt ..................................................................... 89 4.4.2Headshake,head-turn,andnegativefacialexpressions ............ 90 4.4.3Forwardhead-tilt ....................................................................... 96 4.5Negativeconcord ............................................................................... 97 4.6Conclusion:Cross-linguisticvariation............................................... 99 Chapter5:Possession .............................................................................. 101 5.1Introduction...................................................................................... 101 5.2DataandMethodology..................................................................... 102 5.3Attributivepossessiveconstructions................................................ 103 5.3.1Theemphatic/possessivepronounself...................................... 104 5.3.2Attributivepossessiveconstructionswithpronominal possessors ................................................................................ 105 5.3.3Attributivepossessiveconstructionswithnominalpossessors. 110 5.4Predicativepossessiveconstructions ............................................... 114 5.4.1‘Belong’constructions.............................................................. 114 5.4.2‘Have’constructions ................................................................ 118 5.5Conclusion ....................................................................................... 127 Chapter6:Simultaneoususeofthetwohands...................................... 131 6.1Introduction...................................................................................... 131 6.2Dataandmethodology ..................................................................... 132 6.3Simultaneityinsignlanguages:formsandfunctions ...................... 133 6.4SimultaneityinLIU:phonologicalrestrictions................................ 138 6.5SimultaneityinclassifierconstructionsinLIU................................ 141 6.6‘Buoys’inLIU................................................................................. 145 6.6.1Simultaneityinvolvingpronouns .............................................. 146 6.6.2Numeralsinsimultaneousconstructions.................................. 148 6.6.3Perseverations.......................................................................... 152 6.7Functionsofdominancereversal ..................................................... 154 6.8Theinteractionofsimultaneityanddominancereversals................ 158 6.9Conclusion ....................................................................................... 161 Chapter7:Perspectiveinnarrativediscourse....................................... 163 7.1Introduction...................................................................................... 163 7.2Dataandmethodology ..................................................................... 164 7.3Typesofperspectiveinsignlanguagenarratives ............................ 165 7.3.1Spatialwaystosignalperspectiveinevents............................. 166 7.3.2Non-spatialwaystosignalperspective .................................... 169 7.4Non-spatialwaystoexpresscharacterperspectiveinLIU ................ 171 7.4.1Bodyshift.................................................................................. 171 7.4.2Lexicalintroductionofreferents .............................................. 173 7.4.3Non-manualmarkersofperspective......................................... 175 7.4.4SummaryofLIUdataandcross-linguisticcomparisons ......... 177 7.5Introducingreferentsandcreatingspatialset-ups............................ 178 7.5.1Indexicalpointinginnarratorperspective............................... 179 7.5.2Introducingreferentsusingverbs............................................. 181 7.5.3Creatingspatiallay-outsincharacterperspective