<5^5'^5--7 MYIASIS IN MAN AND ANIMALS IN THE OLD WORLD A Textbook for Physicians, Veterinarians and Zoologists. F. ZUMPT Ph.D., F.R.E.S. Head of the Department of Entomology, South African Institute for Medical Research; Membre honoraire de la Socieie Royals d'Entomologie de Bei LONDON BUTTERWORTHS 1965 MYIASIS IN MAN AND ANIMALS IN THE OLD WORLD ENGLAND: BUTTERWORTH & CO. (PUBLISHERS) LTD. LONDON: 88 Kingsway, W.C.2 AUSTRALIA: BUTTERWORTH & CO. (AUSTRALIA) LTD. SYDNEY : 6/8 O'Connell Street MELBOURNE : 473 Bourke Street BRISBANE : 240 Queen Street CANADA: BUTTERWORTH & CO. (CANADA) LTD. TORONTO : 1367 Danforth Avenue, 6 NEW ZEALAND: BUTTERWORTH & CO. (NEW ZEALAND) LTD. WELLINGTON: 49/51 Ballance Street AUCKLAND : 35 High Street SOUTH AFRICA: BUTTERWORTH & CO. (SOUTH AFRICA) LTD. DURBAN : 33/35 Beach Grove U.S.A.: BUTTERWORTH INC. WASHINGTON, D.C.: 7235 Wisconsin Avenue, 14 To my wife GERTRUD who has always accompanied me on my field-trips, often under very difficult conditions FOREWORD By PROFESSOR J. H. S. GEAR Director, South African Institute/or Medical Research THIS monograph is a massive work and the result of many years' collection and painstaking analysis of records on the part of Dr. Zumpt and his associates. It is a complete account of' myiasis in man and animals of the Old World '. Myiasis as a form of parasitism is of the greatest scientific interest. In animals myiasis is often a serious problem and the condition frequently results in the death of domestic stock and so is of considerable economic importance. In man the condition only occasionally threatens life, but often gives rise to painful and sometimes serious and disfiguring illness. This work fulfils an important need for a comprehensive reference book. All those concerned with these problems will be grateful to Dr. Zumpt and his associates for the pertinacity of purpose and great effort which have ensured its publication. By PROFESSOR R. M. DTJ TOIT Dean, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Head of the Department of Parasitology, Veterinary Research Institute, Onderstepoort As a most valuable addition to the libraries of the medical practitioner, the veterin- arian, the zoologist and also to the naturalist, this comprehensive monograph of the myiasis-producing flies of the Old World fulfils a long-felt want and should have a wide appeal, since it is by no means designed for the use of the specialist only. Dr. Zumpt and his co-workers must be congratulated on bringing together in a single volume the latest available information on the complex and absorbingly interesting problem of myiasis in man and animals, both wild and domestic, in a form which makes possible the recognition of the dipterous parasites likely to be encountered in these hosts as well as in their non-parasitic phases. The numerous illustrations of a very high standard assist the reader to a great extent. To the large number of forms described in the widely scattered literature of the world, which has entailed much painstaking research in libraries and museums in many countries, Dr. Zumpt has added the results of his own findings over many years, gleaned from expeditions to many remote parts of Africa. The effort which has gone into the compilation of this work cannot but arouse the gratitude and admiration of all who will benefit by it and as a reference of outstanding merit the book will serve as a lasting tribute to its compiler and his associates. CONTENTS FOREWORDby PROFESSOR J. H. S. GEAR, Director, South African Institute/or Medical Research; and by PROFESSOR R. M. DU TOIT, Dean, Faculty of Veterinary Science and Head of the Department of Parasitology, Veterinary Research Institute, Onderstepowt .. .. .. .. .. .. vii INTRODUCTION .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. xi ,. xi Myiasis Terminology .. .. .. .. .. .. .. - . Definition of Terms . .. .. ,. .. .. .. , .. xii Purpose and Plan .. .. .. ,. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. xiv Acknowledgements .. .. .. .. .. .. .. - ., .. .. xiv Chapter 1. EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS IN MYIASIS-PRODUCING FLIES .. .. The Saprophagous Root .. -. .. .. .. .. - 1 .. The Sanguinivorous Root .. ,. ., . - .. .. .. .. 2 The Myiasis-producing Diptera Recorded from the Old World ., .. .. 2 2. THE MORPHOLOGY OF MYIASIS-PRODUCING DIPTERA IN THE OLD WORLD Systematic Position .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -. 5 The Adult Musciform Fly .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 The Musciform Larva .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 3. KEYS TO THE LARVAE OP MYIASIS-PRODUCING DIPTERA IN THE OLD WORLD Key to Ectoparasitic Blood-sucking Larvae .. .. .. .. .. - - 11 Key to Larvae Found in Dermal Layers .. .. .. .. .. .. -. 11 Key to Larvae Found in Head-cavities .. .. .. ., .. .. 13 Key to Larvae Found in the Alimentary Tract or Excreted with the Faeces . 14 Key to Larvae Found in the "Urogcnital Organs .. .. .. .. .. 16 4. MORPHOLOGY) BIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF MYIASIS-PRODUCING FLIES IN SYSTEMATIC ORDER . . Suborder: Nematocera .. ,. .. ., .. .. .. 17 Family: Anisopodidae .. .. ,. .. .. .. .. -. 17 Family: Psychodidae .. .. .. .. .. .. .. - - 18 .. Suborder: Brachycera .. .. .. .. .. .. - 19 Family: Phoridae .. .. .. ,. .. .. .. - .. .. 19 .. -. Family: Syrphidae .. .. .. -. .. .. .. 22 Family: Piophilidae . - .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 24 Family; Neottiophilidae .. .. ,. .. .. .. .. .. - 25 Family: Ephydridae .. ., .. .. .. .. .. - .. 28 Family: Chloropidae .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 28 ,. .. Family: Muscidae .. .. .. *. .. .. 31 Family: Calliphoridae .. .. .. .. .. .. .. - 45 . Subfamily: Calliphorinae . .. .. .. .. .. 46 -. Subfamily : Sarcophaginae . .. .. .. 102 Family: Gasterophilidae .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 110 Subfamily: Gasterophilinae .. .. .. .. .. .. - 111 Subfamily : Cobboldiinae .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 134 . Subfamily: Rutteniinae .. .. .. .. 138 Subfamily: Neocuterebrinae .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 140 Family: Oestridae .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 141 Subfamily; Oestrinae . .. .. .. 143 Subfamily : Hypoderminae . - .. - .. .. - 189 CONTENTS 5. HOST-PARASITE LIST ^ Wild Animals .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 230 .. .. .. .. .. Class: Amphibia .. ., ,. .. 230 Class: Reptilia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ., 230 Class: Aves . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 230 Class: Mammalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 233 .. .. .. .. Domestic Animals and Man .. .. .. ,. .. 237 Class: Aves .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 237 Class: Mammalia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 237 6. TECHNIQUE Collection and Rearing of Larvae and Adults .. .. .. .. .. .. 240 Preservation for Scientific Purposes .. .. .. .. .. .. 241 7. CONTROL MEASURES Control of Blood-sucking Larvae .. .. .. .. .. . 242 Control Measures Against Sheep Strikes and Other Wound-myiasis-producing Larvae -. 242 Control of Cattle Grubs and Other Boil-producing Dipterous Larvae .. .. .. 243 Control of Nasal Bots .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 245 Control of Intestinal Infestations .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 245 .. .. REFERENCES .. ,. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 246 INDEX OF PARASITES .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ,. 259 INDEX OF HOSTS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ., .. .. 264 INTRODUCTION MYIASIS TERMINOLOGY THE term * myiasis' was proposed by Hope (1840) in a paper entitled (On insects and their larvae occasionally found in the human body '. Somewhat earlier Kirby and Spence (1818) created the term ' scolechiasis ' for such invasions by insect larvae in general. Hope, however, restricted this name to lepidopterous larvae, and suggested using his new term only in connection "with dipterous larvae. The term * myiasis' has since been taken over by many authors, but not always with equal restrictions. De la Torre-Bueno (1937), for instance, explains it in his well-known Glossary of -Entomology as indicating a ' disease or injury caused by the attack of dipterous larvae '. Used in this broad sense, even an attack by a horse-fly larva on an earth-worm, which freed itself subsequently, but suffered an injury, must be labelled as ( myiasis'. On the other hand, a normal infection of the alimentary tract of a horse with Gasterophilus larvae is not pathogenic and therefore causes no disease, but a heavy one may cause pathological reactions in the host. In the former case the infection would not fall under the term ' myiasis ', but this would become applicable as soon as reactions arose. The pathogenesis of a parasitic infection is, of course, the most important practical con- sideration, but ought not to be a prerequisite for a term which indicates merely the fact that an animal is infected with dipterous larvae. The pathological reactions of the host are secondary; they may or may not arise, but they are to be expected wherever such an infection exists. The problem of myiasis must be considered from a biological aspect, and not only from a clinical one. It is also not practical to give a term like myiasis too broad a meaning, and most modern authors have therefore restricted it to infections of vertebrate animals and man. In this book, the term * myiasis ' is denned as the infestation of live human and vertebrate animals with dipterous larvae, which, at least/or a certain period, feed on the host's dead or living tissue, liqma body-substances, or ingested food. The important criterion of this definition is that the dipterous larvae complete, or at least for a certain period continue, their normal development on or in the vertebrate body. Such larvae belong to two groups which are sharply separated biologically: the obligatory parasites, and the facultative parasites. Dipterous larvae living as obligatory parasites are those which normally develop exclusively in