; .. THE DUTCH LANGUAGE, LITERATURE, AND GRAMMAR. a ALPHABETS. MOESO MODERN ANCIENT MODERN ITALIC GOTHIC. GOTHIC. ROMAN ROMAN. ITALIC. WRITING. A. C. 400. A. C. 900. B.C. 486. A. C. 500. A.C.1501 A.C. 1501. A 3 a A A a *4 a 3/ B b h / IS f> B B M or c- C Ccch C cch G? c cA 3D b D D d I) d & </ e E E e E e & € v F F f F f g»n G Gg- h H h n $ it H 2% J Ii ij % X t Iiij <y * *£ JFJ J K It h K k K k 1 L I \ € I U L M M m M M m M m ft » N N n JT.n # O O o O o P P II r p p <•&, o <) Q Qq K R R r R r I % s S s S s S T t T I T C t r* D ® u v U u IT u m v Y v r v a- Ww x ;h or x £ x X X x X x J? 2e Yy ry f/ 3 * Z z z % , ; , , THE DUTCH GRAMMAR, PRECEDED BY AN HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE ORIGIN vdJTD PRO 7RESS OF THE LANGUAGE OF THE N "HERLANDS EMBRACING A LIST OF THE MOST CELEBRATED MMRLMDS WRITERS from the thirteenth to the present century; AND SOME SPECIMENS OF THE LANGUAGE OF EACH CENTURY WITHIN THAT PERIOD WITH A LITERAL ENGLISH VERSION, A PRAXIS ON THE DUTCH GRAMMAR, BEING SPECIMENS OF DUTCH PROSE, SELECTED FROM MODERN AND CONTEMPORARY AUTHORS WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION AND APPENDIXES. BY s» si Ansa&a &» Nullum nomen naturaliter constitutum est, neque unquam, sicut subjecta res a na- ftura est, ita quoqse a nattira venienfe vocabulo nuncnpatnr. Sed hominum genus, •quod et ratione ct oratione viget, nomina posuif , caque quibus libuit literis syllabis- <que cotijungens, singulis subjectaium rerum substantiis dedif. BOETIUS, de Interp. ROTTERDAM: Printed for the author* MAY BE HAD OF MENSING & VAN WESTREENEX, ROTTERDAM; aid of other Principal Booksellers of the Netherlands 1842. > i (StDSt^ISEr^So Page. PREFACE XI. INTRODUCTION XIII. DUTCH GRAMMAR . , 1. DUTCH ORTHOGRAPHY AND PRONUNCIATION . — Letters — Alphabet 2. Sounds of the Letters 3. Sounds of the Single Vowels — Sounds of the United Vowels 5. Sounds of the Single Consonants 7. Sounds of the United letters ch and ij 12. General Observations on Dutch Pronunciation , Accent , and Spelling 13. DUTCH ETYMOLOGY 16. Derivation of Words — Primitive or Simple Words — Compound Words 17. Division of Words or the Parts of Speech 19. Articles — Nouns 20. Declension — Gender — Masculine — Feminine 21. Neuter 22. Nouns common to two or more genders 23. Formation of the Feminine of nouns 24. YI CONTENTS. Page. Number 25. General rules for forming the Plural — Case 29. Nominative — Genitive — Dative 30. Objective — Declension of the Article .... * — Declension of the Article and Noun ......... 31. Observations on the Cases of Nouns 32. Praxis on the Union of an Article and Two or More Nouns 33. Adjectives 34. Derivation and Formation of Adjectives — Declension of Adjectives 35. Observations on the Declension of Adjectives 36. Degrees of Comparison 39. Declension of the Comparative and Superlative of Adjectives 41. Numeral Adjectives . 42. Cardinal Numbers — Ordinal Numbers 43. Praxis on the Union of an Article , a Noun, and an Adjective — Pronouns 45. Personal Pronouns 46. Declension of Personal Pronouns 48. Declension of Personal Pronouns with zelf — Possessive Pronouns 49. Declension of Possessive Pronouns 50. Demonstrative Pronouns 52. Declension of Demonstrative Pronouns ........ — Declension of deze, dit; die, dat; gene) deceive; dezelfde — Relative Pronouns 57. Declension of Relative Pronouns 58. Interrogative Pronouns 59. C N T E N T S. VII Page. Praxis on the use of Pronouns 61. Verbs — Conjugation of Verbs 62. Moods 63. Participles 64. Tenses — Number 66. Person — Auxiliary Verbs 67. Conjugation of zullen — hebben — zijn or wexen . 69. worden 71. Verbs Active 74. Regular Verbs — Conjugation of the Reg. Verb Active leeren . , . — Formation of Moods and Tenses 76. Irregular Verbs 79. Conjugation of the Irregular Verb bidden ...... 86. Verbs Passive 88. Conjugation of the Verb Passive geleerd %ijn .... 89. Reflective Verbs 92. Conjugation of Verbs Reflective — Neuter Verbs 94. Conjugation of Verbs Neuter 95. Impersonal Verbs 96. Verbs used Interrogatively and Negatively 97. Conjugation of Compound Verbs — Praxis on the use of Verbs 101. Adverbs 103. Praxis on the use of Adverbs 106. Prepositions 107. Particles — VIII CONTENTS. Page. Initial Particles 107. Terminational Particles 109. Principal Prepositions 110. Praxis on the Prepositions 112. Conjunctions 113. Praxis on the Conjunctions 114. Interjections 115. Praxis on the Interjections fc 116. DUTCH SYNTAX 117. Sentence — Explicative Sentence — Interrogative Sentence — Imperative Sentence 118. Simple Sentence — Compound Sentence — Concord 119. Government — Rule I. Concord of Article and Noun .... 120. „ II. Omission of the Article — „ III. Ellipsis of the Article 121. IV. Two or more Nouns referring to one ob- ject 122. „ V. Two or more Nouns referring to different objects , 123. of Adjective and . w VI. Concord Noun 124. „ VII. The Adjective and Noun writh xijn or worden 125. „ VIII. Adjectives governing certain Cases . — „ IX. Adjectives requiring certain Prepositions . 126. „ X. Ellipsis of the Adjective 127. „ XI. Ellipsis of the Noun 128. „ XII. The Comparative degree requires dan . — „ XII I. The Superlative degree and the genitive or van. nit, or onder 129. C O N T E N T S. DC Page. Rule XIV. Cardinal numbers require the noun in the plural — Al followed by de — r> XV. n XVI. Concord of Personal Pronouns .... 130. XVII. Ellipsis of the Personal Pronoun . 131. it , — XVIII. The Indefinites men , ietnand niemand 11 XIX. The Reflective Pronoun s>ich .... 132. 11 XX. Concord of Possessive Pronouns ... — ii Ellipsis of Possessive Pronouns . 133. r> XXI. Concord of Demonstrative Pronouns . 134. ri XXII. The Pronouns degene diegene , » XXIII. , and het- gene 135. n XXIV. The Pronouns deceive and de&e ... — n XXV. The Pronouns dusdanig and %oodanig . 136. of the Relative and Antecedent — r> XXVI. Concord The Relatives die, welke , wie,and wat 137. ii XXVII. Interrogatives .Answers 139. ii XXVIII. and XXIX. Interrogates wat and welke .... — ii n XXX. Concord of Verb and Nominative . 140. n XXXI. Ellipsis of the Nominative ..... 141. First, Second, as ii XXXII. or Third person Nomi- native — XXXIII. Singular and Plural as Nominative . 142. ii — ii XXXIV. Tense r> XXXV. Mood 144. Infinitive — ii XXXVI. Mood XXXVII. Participles 145. •>•) XXXVIII Two Verbs .... - — 11 Verbs ssijn and or . 147, 11 XXXIX. The w den V XL. Verb and Possessive Case 148. , — ii XLI. Verb and Dative Case ii XLIT. Verb Active and Objective Case . 149. XLI1I. Verb Neuter and Preposition .... — ii C N TENT S. Page. Rule XLIV. Position of Subject, Attribute, and Object 150. „ XLV. Adverbs 151. „ XLVI. Prepositions govern the Objective . 153. „ XLVII. Conjunctions 154. „ XLVIII. Conjunction and Indicative Mood . 155. „ XLIX. Conjunction and Subjunctive Mood . 156. „ L. Conjunctions requiring other Conjunctions — „ LI Power of Conjunctions in Sentences . 157. „ LII. Interjections 158. PROSODY 159. Het Fort Erfprins aan den Helder , . 162. Opkomst, Bloei , en Verval der Letteren 166. De Kokosboom 168. Huig de Groot — Prosodie 170. De Batavieren 172. Het Eiland der Batavieren 174. Geschiktheid van Europa voor Zeevaart en Handel ... — Geschiktheid van ons Vaderland voor Zeevaart en Handel 176. De geschiktheid der Nederlanders daarvoor 178. De gewigtige gevolgen van Schoolonderwijs 180. Invloed van Eigenbelang op de juistheid onzer waarnemingen 182. Het betrachten der Deugd 184. Kwaadsprekendheid 192. APPENDIXES Appendix I. Dutch Titles of Royalty, Nobility, Civil and Military Rank , with their Abbreviations as used inCorr espondenoe, and News-Papers 196. ,, II. On the Pronunciation of some Foreign Words 208. „ III. Rules of Punctuation 209. „ IV. On the Use of Capitals . 212. PREFACE. To fill the place which appeared to form a hiatus in the list of works on the Dutch language, led to the pub- lishing of this compilation ; and we hope , herein , in some measure at least, to have furnished a summary exposition of the materials , the powers , and the peculiarities of this language. It being a matter of interest and curiosity to acquaint ourselves with the origin and progress of any art or science on the study of which we enter, whether for the gratification of the fancy , the expansion of the intellect , or as necessary for the occupations of life, so it is presumed that the sketch of the origin and progress of this language, and the notice of the most eminent Dutch writers, as comprehended in the introduction, will not be deemed here out of place. As the Dutch language is little taught in English schools, we have not deemed it necessary to introduce here themes or exercises for translation, as is commonly met with in school grammars] but have rather given copious illustrations to the rules , and annexed in suitable places a praxis on the preceding rules, which, whilst they exhibit the structure of the lan- guage and Us genius, may be used also as reading and translating exercises ; and the praxis on the Dutch grammar may be em- ployed for the same purposes by the more advanced student. XII PREFACE. The eontents of this compilation are comprised under Four General Divisions: 1. An exhibition of the letters and their powers, or Dutch Orthography : 2. An exhibition of the materials of which the language is composed , and the various modifications of which those materials are susceptible in com- position, or Dutch Etymology: 3. The principles for combi- ning these materials in the proper construction of sentences or significant propositions , or Dutch Stjntax: and A. Illustrations of, or a Praxis on the foregoing. The Orthography and Inflections as fixed by Professor Siegenbeek , and Mr.