How to teach the Standard Model 1.What is Fundamental And What are Interactions 2. Nomenclature 3.Building Particles 4.Interactions 1.What is Fundamental Fundamental 2. Nomenclature An Analogy with Taxonomy • Kingdom Animalia (Protista - * see note below) • Phylum Ciliophora • Class Ciliatea • Subclass Rhabdophorina • Order Hymenostomatida • Suborder Peniculina • Family Parameciidae • Genus Paramecium • Species aurelia, bursaria, or caudatum .............. Kingdom 1. Fermions (()matter) 2. Bosons (forces) Kingdom 1. Fermions Phylum Phylum Quarks Lepton Phylum Quarks 1. Family 2. Family 3. Family up (+2/3) charm (+2/3) top (+2/3) down (-1/3) strange(-1/3) bottom (- 1/3) Quark Phylum Leptons 1. Family 2.. Family 1. Family electron (-1) muon (-1) tau (-1) electron muon tau neutrino (0) neutrino (0) neutrino (0) leptons Kingdom 2. Bosons (forces) Phylum 1. Gravity 2. Electromagnetic 3.Strong 4.weak Phylum 1. Graviton Gravity Phylum 2.Electromagnetic Electromagnatic Phylum 3. Weak Weak Phylum 4. Strong Strong Summary of Things to Know 1. Kingdom Names 2. Phylum Names 3. Names and Charges of particles in each Phylum and Family BUILDING PARTICLES Hadrons Hadrons • Quarks are confined in Hadrons • Hadrons are either • A) Mesons Pair of quark and anti- quark B) Baryons -made up of three quarks Mesons • Mesons: made up of a pair of quark and anti- quark. • A few examples of types of mesons 1) pion 2) Kaon 3) rho 4) B-zero 5) eta-c Baryons • Made up of three quarks or three anti-quarks. • Examples of baryons •1))p proton • 2) antiproton • 3) neutron • 4) lambda • 5) omega Why we’re here! Particle Physics Timeline • 2500 years of particle progress in under 60 slides…guaranteed! Democritus (late 5th Century B.C.) • Supposed that the cosmos consisted of “atoms and the void” , i.e. very small indivisible particle and empty space. Aristotle (384 –322 B.C.) • Opposed atomism. Supposed the cosmos consisted of a plenum of infinitely divisible particles: Earth, Water, Air, Fire on Earth and Aether in the heavens. R. Boscovic Rudjer Bošković (1711‐1787) Croatia 5000 dinara note (1992). A mathematician and astronomer, Bošković imagined atoms as point sources of force that repel each other at small separations (making liquids and solids difficult to compress) and attract at larger separations (making solids difficult to pull apart). Rene Descartes (1596 ‐ 1650) • Followed Aristotle in believing the Cosmos is full of invisible particles. Supposed those particles whirling in vortices are responsible for gravity of Earth and planetary motion. Daniel Bernoulli • Daniel Bernoulli in Hydrodynamica (1738) proposed that a gas is a collection of very many very small particles (ll)(molecules) in constant motion that exert pressure by collisions –the first kinetic theory of gasses. John Dalton (1766 ‐ 1844) Proposed the idea of the “chemical atom” in New System of Chemical Philosophy (1808‐1827) and gave first set of relilative atomic weights based on combining proportions of elements in compounds. James Clerk Maxwell • James Clerk Maxwell in 1866 developed a statistical kinetic theory of gases that related molecular motion to gas temperature. Wilhel m Roentgen • Wilhelm Röntgen in 1895 discovered x‐ rays, a previously unknown radiation that traveled in straight lines and gave shdhadow pictures of bones within the skin. Röntgen received the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901. Early Particle Physics J.J. Thomson at work on his eltlectron discovery. Ernest Rutherford (1871 –1937) • Named α and β radiation based on absorption of rays, explored radioactive decay series, proposed atomic transmutation in radioactive elements (1902), showed α particles are He nuclei, developed nuclear model of atom (1910) based on α particle scattering, demonstrated artific ia l transmutation (proton ejdjected when α collide d wihith N nucleus, measured nuclear size. Rutherford’ s Experiment Henri Becquerel • Henri Becquerel discovered natural radioactivity in1896 while searching for x‐ rays produced from phosphorescent uranium salts. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903. Albert Einstein (1879 –1955) • His 199505 pppaper on the photoelectric effect ppproposed that light energy comes in “quantum” units (later called photons). The energy of a photon is E = hf, where f = frequency of the light and h = Planck’s constant. Robert Millikan • Robert Millikan demonstrated the quantization of electric ‐19 charge (qe = 161.6 x 10 C) in 1910 and in 1915 verified Einstein’s phlihotoelectric theory based on energy carryyging photons. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1923. Victor Hess • Victor Hess discovered the existence of cosmic rays, high energy particles from space, as a result of measurements in balloon flights 1911‐ 1913. He received the NblNobel PiPrize in 1936. C.T.R. Wilson • Charles Thomson Rees Wilson invented the cloud chamber in 1896 to examine the formation of clouds. In 1911 he made the first phhhotographs of tracks of α particles, β pp,articles, and electrons. He received the Nobel Prize in 1927. Niels Bohr Niels Henrik David Bohr (1885-1962) Denmark 500 kroner note (1999). Bohr established the first quantum theory of atomic structure in 1912 to explain atomic spectral lines and the periodic table . He received the 1922 Nobel Prize for Physics for that work. His liquid drop model later explained nuclear fission. Henry Moseley • Henry Moseley in 199313 found a pattern of characteristic x‐rays from cathodes of different materials that reflected the number of proton positive charges (atomic number) in the cathode materials. He was killed at Gallipoli in 1915 during WW I. James Chadwick • James CCadwchadwick studied with Ernest Rutherford at CbidCambridge, investigated β decay, and in 1932 demonstrated the existence of the neutron. He received the Nobel Prize in 1935. Arthur Compton • Arthur Compton studied the scattering of x‐rays from electrons in metals and in 1922 developed evidence for the existence of photons proposed by Einstein to explain the photoelectric effect. He received the Nobel Prize in 199727. Louis de Broglie • Louis de Broglie proposed that particles were characterized by wave properties in his doctoral thesis of 1924, an idea subsequently verifie d by the eltlectron diffraction results of Davisson and Germer and by G. P. Thomson. He received the Nobel Prize in 1929. Werner Heisenberg • German physicist and one of the founders of quantum mechanics. He is most well‐known for discovering one of the centltral priilinciples of modern physics, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. He received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1932. Max Born • German ppyhysicist and mathematician. He won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics for the formulation of the now‐standard iiinterpretation of the probability density function for ψ*ψ in the Schrödinger equation of quantum mechanics. Erwin Schroedinger • An Austri an ‐ Irish physicist who achieved fame for his contribut ions to quantum mechanics, especially the Schrödinger equation, for which he received the NblNobel PiPrize in 1933. Enrico Fermi Italia n ppyscsthysicist most noted for his work on the development of the first nuclear reactor, and for his contributions to the development of quantum theory and particle physics.He won the 1938 NblNobel PiPrize in Physics P.A.M. Dirac • British theoretical physicist and a founder of the field of quantum mechanics. Dirac shared the Nobel Prize in physics for 1933 with Erwin Schrödinger. Clinton Davisson • American ppyhysicist who confirmed the De Broglie hypothesis that all matter has a wave‐ like nature through the discovery of electron diffraction. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1937 with George Paget Thomson. George P. Thomson A Nobel‐Prize‐winning, (1937)English physicist who discovered the wave properties of the electron by electron diffraction. He was the son of Nobel Prize winning physicist J. J. Thomson and Rose Elisabeth Paget, the daughter of the Professor of Medicine at Cambridge Wolfgang Pauli An Austrian theoretical physicist noted for his work on the theory of spin, and in particular the discovery of the exclusion principle, He received the Nobel Prize in Physi cs in 1945. He had been nominated for the prize by Enstein. E.O. Lawrence • An American physicist best known for his invention, utilization, and improvement of the cyclotron. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1939. Robert Van de Graaff • Ameecarican ppyscsthysicist and designer of the Van de Graaff generator. In 1929, he developed his first generator (80,000 volts); by 1933, he had constructed a much larger generator, capable of generating 7 million volts. John Cockroft & E. Walton • Winners of the 1951 Nobel Prize in Physics for the development of the accelerator that bears their name. Carl Anderson • Carl Anderson discovered the positron in 1932 by examining tracks of cosmic ray particles in a cloud chamber. Continuing cosmic ray research with his cloud chamber, he and his first graduate student, Seth NddNeddermeyer, discovere d the muon in 1936, the year that Anderson received the Nobel Prize P. Cherenkov • Pavel Čerenkov in 1934 observed the blue glow proddduced in a bottle of water bombarded by fast‐moving particles from a radioactive source. This Čerenkov effect results from light emitted when particles travel through a medium faster than light travels in the medium, analogous to a sonic boom shock wave produced when an object travels through air faster than sound travels in air. Čerenkov received the Nobel Prize in 1958. H. Yukawa • Hideki Yukawa in 1935 published a field theory of nuclear forces in which he predicted the existence of a new particle, later identified wihith the pion that was first observed by Cecil Powell in 1947. Yukawa received the Nobel Prize in 1949. Seth Neddermeyer • Seth Neddermeyer, while a graduate student with Cark Anderson, participated in the discovery of cloud chamber tracks that led to the discovery of the muon in 1936. Neddermeyer later championed the development of the iliimplosion mechihanism for exploding plutonium nuclear bombs in the Manhattan Project during WW II.