Data Papers on Papua New Guinea Languages Volume 53 Fuyug Grammar Sketch Robert L. Bradshaw 2007 SIL-PNG Academic Publications Ukarumpa, Papua New Guinea Papers in the series Data Papers on Papua New Guinea Languages express the authors’ knowledge at the time of writing. They normally do not provide a comprehensive treatment of the topic and may contain analyses which will be modified at a later stage. However, given the large number of undescribed languages in Papua New Guinea, SIL- PNG feels that it is appropriate to make these research results available at this time. René van den Berg, Series Editor Copyright © 2007 SIL-PNG Papua New Guinea [email protected] Published 2007 Printed by SIL Printing Press Ukarumpa, Eastern Highlands Province Papua New Guinea ISBN 9980-0-3353-3 Table of Contents List of maps and tables......................................................................viii Abbreviations .......................................................................................ix Preface ..................................................................................................xi 1. Introduction....................................................................................... 1 1.1 Location and speakers........................................................... 1 1.1.1 Maps ......................................................................... 3 1.2 Affiliation and earlier studies................................................ 5 1.3 Language viability ................................................................ 7 1.4 Fuyug culture........................................................................ 7 1.4.1 Transportation........................................................... 7 1.4.2 Religion .................................................................... 8 1.4.3 Health services.......................................................... 9 1.4.4 Wealth and income ................................................. 10 1.4.5 Education................................................................ 11 1.5 Main typological features.................................................... 11 Acknowledgments......................................................................... 13 2. Phonology and morphophonemics ................................................ 14 2.1 Phonemes ............................................................................ 14 2.2 Allophonic rules.................................................................. 15 2.2.1 Plosive aspiration.................................................... 15 2.2.2 Nasal assimilation................................................... 16 2.2.3 Lateral approximant/flap fluctuation ...................... 17 2.2.4 Diphthongisation..................................................... 17 2.2.5 Vowel nasalisation.................................................. 18 2.3 Minimal pairs...................................................................... 18 2.4 Syllable patterns.................................................................. 21 2.4.1 One syllable ............................................................ 22 2.4.2 Two syllables.......................................................... 22 2.4.3 Three syllables........................................................ 23 2.4.4 Four syllables.......................................................... 23 iii iv 2.4.5 Five syllables .......................................................... 24 2.5 Stress................................................................................... 24 2.6 Morphophonemics .............................................................. 24 2.6.1 Nasal assimilation................................................... 25 2.6.2 Consonant cluster simplification ............................ 25 2.6.3 Consonant devoicing .............................................. 25 2.6.4 Vowel epenthesis.................................................... 25 2.6.5 Vowel cluster reduction.......................................... 26 2.7 Intonation ............................................................................ 27 2.7.1 Statement ................................................................ 27 2.7.2 Incomplete sentence................................................ 28 2.7.3 Interrogation ........................................................... 29 2.7.4 Emotion .................................................................. 29 2.7.5 Listing..................................................................... 30 2.7.6 Calling .................................................................... 31 3. Morpheme ....................................................................................... 32 3.1 Reduplication ...................................................................... 32 3.2 Compounding...................................................................... 34 3.3 The verbaliser...................................................................... 36 4. Word ................................................................................................ 38 4.1 Nouns .................................................................................. 38 4.2 Pronouns ............................................................................. 38 4.2.1 Personal pronouns................................................... 39 4.2.1.1 Genitive clitic ............................................. 39 4.2.1.2 Emphatic clitic............................................ 40 4.2.1.3 Comitative clitic ......................................... 40 4.2.1.4 Contrastive focus clitic............................... 41 4.2.2 Demonstrative pronouns......................................... 41 4.2.3 Reflexive pronouns................................................. 42 4.2.4 Reciprocal pronouns............................................... 43 4.2.5 Interrogative pronouns............................................ 44 4.3 Modifiers............................................................................. 44 4.3.1 Adjectives ............................................................... 44 4.3.2 Quantifiers .............................................................. 44 4.3.3 Qualifiers ................................................................ 48 4.3.4 Adverbs................................................................... 51 4.3.4.1 Manner ....................................................... 51 4.3.4.2 Degree ........................................................ 53 v 4.4 Locatives............................................................................. 54 4.4.1 Generic locatives.................................................... 54 4.4.2 Specific locatives.................................................... 55 4.5 Temporals ........................................................................... 55 4.5.1 Time periods........................................................... 55 4.5.2 Relational temporals ............................................... 56 4.6 Postclitics and postpositions ............................................... 57 4.6.1 Postclitics................................................................ 57 4.6.1.1 Plural clitic ................................................. 58 4.6.1.2 Contrastive focus clitic............................... 59 4.6.1.3 Vocative clitic............................................. 59 4.6.1.4 Inessive clitic.............................................. 59 4.6.1.5 Outside clitic .............................................. 60 4.6.1.6 Illative clitic................................................ 60 4.6.1.7 Allative/locative clitic ................................ 60 4.6.2 Postpositions........................................................... 61 4.7 Verbs................................................................................... 62 4.7.1. Mode....................................................................... 63 4.7.2 Aspect ..................................................................... 66 4.7.3 Modality.................................................................. 68 4.7.4 Sentential clitics...................................................... 71 4.7.5 Other affixes........................................................... 75 4.7.6 Medial affixation.................................................... 76 4.7.7 Switch reference..................................................... 76 4.8 Interrogatives ...................................................................... 77 4.9 Conjunctions ....................................................................... 78 4.10 Interjections......................................................................... 78 4.10.1 Exclamations .......................................................... 78 4.10.2 Greetings................................................................. 78 4.10.3 Polite interjections.................................................. 79 4.10.4 Generic interjection................................................ 79 5. Phrase............................................................................................... 80 5.1 Noun phrase........................................................................ 80 5.1.1 Basic descriptive noun phrase ................................ 80 5.1.2 Genitive noun phrase .............................................. 81 5.1.3 Coordinate noun phrase.......................................... 81 5.1.4 Generic noun phrase ..............................................